Difference between revisions of "Nicotiana"

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'''''Nicotiana''''' ({{pron-en|ˌnɪkɵʃiˈeɪnə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] and [[shrub]]s of the [[Solanum|nightshade]] [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Solanaceae]]) indigenous to [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Australia]], south west [[Africa]] and the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]. Various ''Nicotiana'' [[species]], commonly referred to as '''tobacco plants''', are cultivated and grown to produce [[tobacco]]. Of all ''Nicotiana'' species, [[Cultivated Tobacco]] (''N. tabacum'') is the most widely planted and is grown worldwide for production of tobacco leaf for [[cigarette]]s. The genus is named in honor of [[Jean Nicot]], who in 1561 was the first to present tobacco to the French royal court.
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Many species of ''Nicotiana'' are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s. They are popular [[vespertine (biology)|vespertine]]s, their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by [[Sphingidae|hawkmoths]] and other [[pollinator]]s.
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Nicotiana (named for Jean Nicot, 1530-1600, of Nismes in Languedoc, consul from the King of France to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1560, who obtained tobacco from a merchant of Flanders, Belgium, which he presented to the court of Portugal and also, on his return to France, to the Queen Catherine de Medici). Solanaceae. Herbaceous annuals, perennials or rarely shrubby or arborescent, comprising several stately plants, valued for their rapid growth and large foliage; other species produce showy flowers, and are popular flower-garden subjects; one is the tobacco.
 
Nicotiana (named for Jean Nicot, 1530-1600, of Nismes in Languedoc, consul from the King of France to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1560, who obtained tobacco from a merchant of Flanders, Belgium, which he presented to the court of Portugal and also, on his return to France, to the Queen Catherine de Medici). Solanaceae. Herbaceous annuals, perennials or rarely shrubby or arborescent, comprising several stately plants, valued for their rapid growth and large foliage; other species produce showy flowers, and are popular flower-garden subjects; one is the tobacco.
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Nicotianas are easily cultivated, but in northern latitudes require a hot exposure and a deep rich loose loamy soil, rich in lime and potash, both of which may be supplied from wood-ashes. As the seeds grow slowly in cool weather, they should be started hi early spring under glass and kept moist and warm. For tobacco, in districts farther north, hotbeds will secure rapid growth, but in other localities coldframes with a southern exposure should be used. The soil should be a loose loam of high fertility, and thoroughly drained. In the fall, forty pounds of lime and two hundred pounds of stable-manure to 100 square feet of bed should be turned under. In the spring, about two weeks before sowing the seed, twenty pounds of cottonseed-meal or castor pomace, one pound of acid phosphate, and one-half pound of carbonate or sulfate of potash to 100 square feet of bed-area should be thoroughly spaded into the soil to a depth of 4 or 5 inches, and the bed-surface finely pulverized. If possible, the soil should then be sterilized with steam to prevent fungous diseases and the growth of weed seeds. The seed should be sown at the rate of an even tea- spoonful of dry seed to 100 square feet of bed. In order to secure an even distribution of the seed, it is thoroughly mixed into two quarts of land-plaster, finely sifted wood-ashes or bone-meal. Three sowings should be made to insure an even distribution over the bed, the light color of the filler material serving to indicate the evenness of the distribution. The seed must be covered by going over the bed with a roller, or packing with a plank. When young, nicotianas will stand considerable frost, but become more sensitive with age. They are well adapted to pot or tub culture and are fine for summer porch-decoration. N. alata, best known in the trade as N. affinis, and N. Sanderae are the most popular flower-garden plants. Of the larger species for subtropical bedding, N. glauca, N. tomentosa, and N. Tabacum are best.
 
Nicotianas are easily cultivated, but in northern latitudes require a hot exposure and a deep rich loose loamy soil, rich in lime and potash, both of which may be supplied from wood-ashes. As the seeds grow slowly in cool weather, they should be started hi early spring under glass and kept moist and warm. For tobacco, in districts farther north, hotbeds will secure rapid growth, but in other localities coldframes with a southern exposure should be used. The soil should be a loose loam of high fertility, and thoroughly drained. In the fall, forty pounds of lime and two hundred pounds of stable-manure to 100 square feet of bed should be turned under. In the spring, about two weeks before sowing the seed, twenty pounds of cottonseed-meal or castor pomace, one pound of acid phosphate, and one-half pound of carbonate or sulfate of potash to 100 square feet of bed-area should be thoroughly spaded into the soil to a depth of 4 or 5 inches, and the bed-surface finely pulverized. If possible, the soil should then be sterilized with steam to prevent fungous diseases and the growth of weed seeds. The seed should be sown at the rate of an even tea- spoonful of dry seed to 100 square feet of bed. In order to secure an even distribution of the seed, it is thoroughly mixed into two quarts of land-plaster, finely sifted wood-ashes or bone-meal. Three sowings should be made to insure an even distribution over the bed, the light color of the filler material serving to indicate the evenness of the distribution. The seed must be covered by going over the bed with a roller, or packing with a plank. When young, nicotianas will stand considerable frost, but become more sensitive with age. They are well adapted to pot or tub culture and are fine for summer porch-decoration. N. alata, best known in the trade as N. affinis, and N. Sanderae are the most popular flower-garden plants. Of the larger species for subtropical bedding, N. glauca, N. tomentosa, and N. Tabacum are best.
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N. Bigelovii, Wats., with sts. 1-2 ft. tall, fls. white 1-2 in. long, is of interest as being the possible origin of N. quadrivalvis and N. multivalvis. Calif. — N. trigonophylla, Dunal, has sts. 15 in. tall: Lvs. triangular, sessile, somewhat clasping. 2-2¼ in. long, ½-¾ in. wide: corolla yellowish green, ½-⅝ in. long: viscous pubescent throughout. Utah to Mex. and Calif.
 
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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''Nicotiana'' germination is usually 2–5 days in {{convert|80|F|C}}.
  
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===Pests and diseases===
  
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===Pests and diseases===
 
  
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==Species==
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Selected species:
  
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==Varieties==
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[[Image:6H Nicotiana alata.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana alata]]'']]
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[[Image:Nicotiana langsdorfii 20070810-1226-74.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana langsdorffii]]'']]
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[[Image:Nicotiana obtusifolia flower.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana obtusifolia]]'']]
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[[Image:Nicotinana alata0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana × sanderae]]'' ornamental cultivar]]
  
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* ''[[Nicotiana acuminata]]'' <small>(Graham) [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]], 1829</small> – Manyflower Tobacco<ref name="itis1999">ITIS (1999)</ref>
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* ''[[Nicotiana africana]]'' <small>Merxm., 1975</small><ref>
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{{cite web
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|url={{IUCNlink|34937}}
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|title=IUCN Red List (version 2009.1) - Nicotiana africana
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|publisher=www.iucnredlist.org
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|accessdate=2009-10-05
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|last=
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|first=
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}}
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</ref>
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* ''[[Nicotiana alata]]'' <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] & [[Christoph Friedrich Otto|Otto]], 1828</small> – Winged Tobacco, Jasmine Tobacco, ''Tanbaku'' ([[Persian language|Persian]])<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana attenuata]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torr.]] ex [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]], 1871</small> – Coyote Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana benthamiana]]'' <small>[[Karel Domin|Domin]], 1929</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana bigelovii]]'' <small>(Torr.) S.Watson, 1871</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana clevelandii]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]], 1878</small> – Cleveland's Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana debneyi]]'' <small>Domin, 1929</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana × digluta]]''{{Verify source|date=August 2008}}
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* ''[[Nicotiana excelsior]]'' – Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana exigua]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1935</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana forgetiana]]'' – Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana glauca]]'' <small>Graham, 1828</small> – Tree Tobacco, Brazilian Tree Tobacco, Shrub Tobacco, Mustard Tree<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana glutinosa]]'' – Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana kawakamii]]'' <small>Y.Ohashi, 1985</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana knightiana]]'' <small>Goodspeed, 1938</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana langsdorffii]]'' – Langsdorff's tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana longiflora]]'' <small>Cav., 1802</small> – Longflower Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana obtusifolia]]'' <small>[[Martin Martens|M.Martens]] & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]], 1845</small> (''N. trigonophylla'') – Desert Tobacco, ''Punche'', ''"Tabaquillo"''<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana otophora]]'' <small>Griseb., 1879</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana paniculata]]'' – Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana persica]]'' <small>Lindl., 1833</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana plumbagifolia]]'' <small>Viv., 1802</small> – Tex-Mex Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana quadrivalvis]]'' <small>[[Frederick Traugott Pursh|Pursh]], 1814</small> – Indian Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana repanda]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] ex [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]], 1818</small> – Fiddleleaf Tobacco, Wild Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'' <small>L., 1753</small> – Aztec Tobacco, Mapacho<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana × sanderae]]'' – Sander's Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana stocktonii]]'' <small>Brandegee, 1899</small>
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* ''[[Nicotiana suaveolens]]'' – Australian Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana sylvestris]]'' – South American Tobacco, Woodland Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' – Cultivated Tobacco, Common Tobacco (a cultivated hybrid - properly ''Nicotiana × tabacum'')<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana tomentosa]]'' – Tobacco<ref name="itis1999" />
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* ''[[Nicotiana tomentosiformis]]'' <small>Goodsp., 1933</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40028229 |title=Subordinate Taxa of ''Nicotiana'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |accessdate=2009-11-28}}</ref>
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
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{{reflist}}
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

Latest revision as of 08:13, 22 February 2010


Nicotiana alata


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Scientific Names

Solanaceae >

Nicotiana >

L. >


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Nicotiana (pronounced /ˌnɪkɵʃiˈeɪnə/)[1] is a genus of herbs and shrubs of the nightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous to North and South America, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific. Various Nicotiana species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated and grown to produce tobacco. Of all Nicotiana species, Cultivated Tobacco (N. tabacum) is the most widely planted and is grown worldwide for production of tobacco leaf for cigarettes. The genus is named in honor of Jean Nicot, who in 1561 was the first to present tobacco to the French royal court.

Many species of Nicotiana are grown as ornamental plants. They are popular vespertines, their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by hawkmoths and other pollinators.


Read about Nicotiana in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Nicotiana (named for Jean Nicot, 1530-1600, of Nismes in Languedoc, consul from the King of France to Lisbon, Portugal, in 1560, who obtained tobacco from a merchant of Flanders, Belgium, which he presented to the court of Portugal and also, on his return to France, to the Queen Catherine de Medici). Solanaceae. Herbaceous annuals, perennials or rarely shrubby or arborescent, comprising several stately plants, valued for their rapid growth and large foliage; other species produce showy flowers, and are popular flower-garden subjects; one is the tobacco.

Herbs, mostly viscid-pubescent, of strong odor, possessing narcotic poisonous properties: Lvs. alternate, never compound, entire or undulate, mostly sessile or nearly so by a tapering base: fls. hermaphrodite, often regular, long-tubular, mostly opening at night and most fragrant then, in terminal racemes, panicles or thyrses; calyx usually persistent, inclosing the fr., tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-parted; corolla salverform, funnelform, or tubular-swollen; limb plicate in the bud, 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted on the tube, unequal or nearly equal, included; filaments straight, anthers longitudinally dehiscent, ovate or oblong; ovary 2-celled, or 4-celled in one species; ovules many; placenta axillary; style simple; stigma capitate: fr. a 2-4-celled caps., but usually splitting into 4 to several valves; seeds numerous, minute, oblong, somewhat kidney-form, roughened or pitted.—A genus of about 45 species and 54 subspecies, mostly of Trop. Amer., with a few from N. and S. Amer. and 1 from Austral.

Latest publications: Comes, "Monographie du genre Nicotiana." 1899; Splendore, "Sinossi descrittiva ed iconographia dei semi del genrere Nicotiana," 1906; Setchell. "Studies in Nicotiana," 1912; "Tobacco- culture, United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 571, 1914.

Nicotianas are easily cultivated, but in northern latitudes require a hot exposure and a deep rich loose loamy soil, rich in lime and potash, both of which may be supplied from wood-ashes. As the seeds grow slowly in cool weather, they should be started hi early spring under glass and kept moist and warm. For tobacco, in districts farther north, hotbeds will secure rapid growth, but in other localities coldframes with a southern exposure should be used. The soil should be a loose loam of high fertility, and thoroughly drained. In the fall, forty pounds of lime and two hundred pounds of stable-manure to 100 square feet of bed should be turned under. In the spring, about two weeks before sowing the seed, twenty pounds of cottonseed-meal or castor pomace, one pound of acid phosphate, and one-half pound of carbonate or sulfate of potash to 100 square feet of bed-area should be thoroughly spaded into the soil to a depth of 4 or 5 inches, and the bed-surface finely pulverized. If possible, the soil should then be sterilized with steam to prevent fungous diseases and the growth of weed seeds. The seed should be sown at the rate of an even tea- spoonful of dry seed to 100 square feet of bed. In order to secure an even distribution of the seed, it is thoroughly mixed into two quarts of land-plaster, finely sifted wood-ashes or bone-meal. Three sowings should be made to insure an even distribution over the bed, the light color of the filler material serving to indicate the evenness of the distribution. The seed must be covered by going over the bed with a roller, or packing with a plank. When young, nicotianas will stand considerable frost, but become more sensitive with age. They are well adapted to pot or tub culture and are fine for summer porch-decoration. N. alata, best known in the trade as N. affinis, and N. Sanderae are the most popular flower-garden plants. Of the larger species for subtropical bedding, N. glauca, N. tomentosa, and N. Tabacum are best.

N. Bigelovii, Wats., with sts. 1-2 ft. tall, fls. white 1-2 in. long, is of interest as being the possible origin of N. quadrivalvis and N. multivalvis. Calif. — N. trigonophylla, Dunal, has sts. 15 in. tall: Lvs. triangular, sessile, somewhat clasping. 2-2¼ in. long, ½-¾ in. wide: corolla yellowish green, ½-⅝ in. long: viscous pubescent throughout. Utah to Mex. and Calif.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Nicotiana germination is usually 2–5 days in 80 F C .

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:

Nicotiana alata
Nicotiana langsdorffii
Nicotiana obtusifolia
Nicotiana × sanderae ornamental cultivar

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 ITIS (1999)
  3. ↑ "[[[:Template:IUCNlink]] IUCN Red List (version 2009.1) - Nicotiana africana]". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2009-10-05.
  4. ↑ "Subordinate Taxa of Nicotiana L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved on 2009-11-28.

External links


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