Difference between revisions of "Caryophyllales"

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Both are claims to ownership of stored gold; both are trans- ferred similarly as money substitutes, and both have the identical three limits on their extent of use. ,
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{{Plantbox
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| name = Caryophyllales
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| image = Dianthus caryophyllus L (Clove pink).JPG
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| image_width = 230px
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| image_caption = ''[[Dianthus caryophyllus]]''
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| color = IndianRed
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Caryophyllales
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| ordo_authority =  [[Karl Julius Perleb|Perleb]]
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborders]]
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| subdivision =
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[[Caryophyllineae]]<br />
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[[Polygonineae]]
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| synonyms =
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[[Centrospermae]]
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}}
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'''Caryophyllales''' is an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s that includes the [[cactus|cacti]], [[Dianthus caryophyllus|carnation]]s, [[amaranth]]s, [[beet]]s/chard/[[buckwheat]]/[[rhubarb]], [[ice plant]]s, [[tamarisk]]s and most [[carnivorous plant]]s.  Many members are [[succulent plant|succulent]], having fleshy [[Plant stem|stems]] or [[Leaf|leaves]].
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==Description==
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The Caryophyllales includes about 6% of [[dicot]] [[species]].<ref>[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm Caryophyllales<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This order is part of the core [[eudicot]]s.<ref> Judd. W., Campbell, C., Kellog, E., Stevens, P. & M. Donoghue. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA </ref> Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. <ref> Stephens, P.F. (2001). [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. Version 8, June 2007.http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ </ref>
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The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by [[DNA sequences]], cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations. <ref name="multiple"> Juan et al. (2007). Electrophoretic characterization of ''Amaranthus'' L. seed proteins and its systematic implication. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 57-63. </ref>
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==Circumscription==
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As with all [[taxon|taxa]], the circumscription of the Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems.  All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds.  More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include most [[carnivorous plant]]s.
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Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain.  Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid [[clade]]. <ref name = "multiple"/> Caryophyllales is separated into 2 sub-orders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae. <ref name = "multiple"/> These two sub-orders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, the [[Polygonales]] and Caryophyllales. <ref name = "multiple"/>
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===APG II===
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As circumscribed by the [[APG II system]] (2003), this order includes well-known plants like [[cactus|cacti]], [[Dianthus|carnation]]s, [[spinach]], [[beet]], [[rhubarb]], [[sundew]]s, [[venus fly trap]]s, and [[bougainvillea]].  Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported [[Cladistics|clades]] within the Caryophyllales. 
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* order Caryophyllales
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:* family [[Achatocarpaceae]]
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:* family [[Aizoaceae]]
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:* family [[Amaranthaceae]] [[File:Pupalia lappacea (Forest Burr) W IMG_1562.jpg|thumb|''[[Pupalia lappacea]]'' Forest Burr  from family [[Amaranthaceae]] ]]
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:* family [[Ancistrocladaceae]]
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:* family [[Asteropeiaceae]]
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:* family [[Barbeuiaceae]]
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:* family [[Basellaceae]]
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:* family [[Cactaceae]]
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:* family [[Caryophyllaceae]]
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:* family [[Didiereaceae]]
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:* family [[Dioncophyllaceae]]
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:* family [[Droseraceae]]
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:* family [[Drosophyllaceae]]
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:* family [[Frankeniaceae]]
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:* family [[Gisekiaceae]]
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:* family [[Halophytaceae]]
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:* family [[Molluginaceae]] [[File:Glinus oppositifolius (Bitter cumin) W2 IMG_0462.jpg|thumb|''[[Glinus oppositifolius]]'' from family [[Molluginaceae]] ]]
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:* family [[Nepenthaceae]]
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:* family [[Nyctaginaceae]]
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:* family [[Physenaceae]]
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:* family [[Phytolaccaceae]]
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:* family [[Plumbaginaceae]]
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:* family [[Polygonaceae]]
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:* family [[Portulacaceae]]
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:* family [[Rhabdodendraceae]]
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:* family [[Sarcobataceae]]
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:* family [[Simmondsiaceae]]
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:* family [[Stegnospermataceae]]
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:* family [[Tamaricaceae]]
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===APG===
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[[Image:Carnegiea gigantea top.jpg|thumb|''Carnegiea gigantea'']]
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[[Image:Spring Flowers.JPG|thumb|Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae]]
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This represents a slight change from the [[APG system]], of 1998
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* order Caryophyllales
 +
*: family Achatocarpaceae
 +
*: family Aizoaceae
 +
*: family Amaranthaceae
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*: family Ancistrocladaceae
 +
*: family Asteropeiaceae
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*: family Basellaceae
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*: family Cactaceae
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*: family Caryophyllaceae
 +
*: family Didiereaceae
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*: family Dioncophyllaceae
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*: family Droseraceae
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*: family Drosophyllaceae
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*: family Frankeniaceae
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*: family Molluginaceae
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*: family Nepenthaceae
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*: family Nyctaginaceae
 +
*: family Physenaceae
 +
*: family Phytolaccaceae
 +
*: family Plumbaginaceae
 +
*: family Polygonaceae
 +
*: family Portulacaceae
 +
*: family Rhabdodendraceae
 +
*: family Sarcobataceae
 +
*: family Simmondsiaceae
 +
*: family Stegnospermataceae
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*: family Tamaricaceae
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 +
===Cronquist===
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[[Image:Melganzenvoet bloeiwijze Chenopodium album.jpg|thumb| ''Chenopodium album'']]
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:
 +
* order Caryophyllales
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*: family Achatocarpaceae
 +
*: family Aizoaceae
 +
*: family Amaranthaceae
 +
*: family Basellaceae
 +
*: family Cactaceae
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*: family Caryophyllaceae
 +
*: family Chenopodiaceae
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*: family Didiereaceae
 +
*: family Nyctaginaceae
 +
*: family Phytolaccaceae
 +
*: family Portulacaceae
 +
*: family Molluginaceae
 +
 
 +
The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order".  The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass [[Caryophyllidae]] sensu Cronquist.
 +
 
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A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.
 +
 
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New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order [[Nepenthales]].
 +
 
 +
===Earlier circumscriptions===
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Earlier systems, such as the [[Wettstein system]], last edition in 1935, and the [[Engler system]], updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name [[Centrospermae]].
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllales
 +
<references/>

Latest revision as of 14:25, 23 October 2009


Dianthus caryophyllus


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names



Caryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, beets/chard/buckwheat/rhubarb, ice plants, tamarisks and most carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

Description

The Caryophyllales includes about 6% of dicot species.[1] This order is part of the core eudicots.[2] Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. [3] The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations. [4]

Circumscription

As with all taxa, the circumscription of the Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include most carnivorous plants.

Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain. Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade. [4] Caryophyllales is separated into 2 sub-orders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae. [4] These two sub-orders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, the Polygonales and Caryophyllales. [4]

APG II

As circumscribed by the APG II system (2003), this order includes well-known plants like cacti, carnations, spinach, beet, rhubarb, sundews, venus fly traps, and bougainvillea. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported clades within the Caryophyllales.

  • order Caryophyllales

APG

Carnegiea gigantea
Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae

This represents a slight change from the APG system, of 1998

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Ancistrocladaceae
    family Asteropeiaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Dioncophyllaceae
    family Droseraceae
    family Drosophyllaceae
    family Frankeniaceae
    family Molluginaceae
    family Nepenthaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Physenaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Plumbaginaceae
    family Polygonaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Rhabdodendraceae
    family Sarcobataceae
    family Simmondsiaceae
    family Stegnospermataceae
    family Tamaricaceae

Cronquist

Chenopodium album

The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Chenopodiaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Molluginaceae

The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order". The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae sensu Cronquist.

A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.

New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order Nepenthales.

Earlier circumscriptions

Earlier systems, such as the Wettstein system, last edition in 1935, and the Engler system, updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name Centrospermae.

References

  1. ↑ Caryophyllales
  2. ↑ Judd. W., Campbell, C., Kellog, E., Stevens, P. & M. Donoghue. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA
  3. ↑ Stephens, P.F. (2001). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 8, June 2007.http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Juan et al. (2007). Electrophoretic characterization of Amaranthus L. seed proteins and its systematic implication. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 57-63.
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