Silver Birch

Plant Characteristics

Cultivation

Scientific Names

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Read about Silver Birch in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

Betula pendula, Roth (B.verrucosa, Ehrh. B. alba, Linn., in part). Figs. 548, 549. Tree, to 60 ft., with slender, in older trees usually pendulous, branches: young branchlets usually glandular: Lvs. rhombic-ovate,¾- 2½ in. long, glutinous is when young, glabrous, usually cuneate, sometimes truncate at the base, acuminate, doubly serrate; petioles slender, about 1 in. long: strobiles cylindric, about 1 in. long, slender-peduncled, usually pendulous: wings of nutlet about one and a half to two and a half times as broad as its body. Eu. to Japan. H.W. 2:15, p. 20. W.B. 76. Var. "Tauschii, Rehd. (B. japonica, Sieb. B. alba var. Tauschii, Shirai. B. pendula var. japonica, Rehd.). Lvs. broadly ovate, truncate or sometimes subcordate at the base, sometimes puberulous beneath and often with tufts of hairs in the axils. S.I.F. 1:21. Var. dalecarlica, Schneid. (B. laciniata, Wahl. B. hybrida, Blom). Lvs. more or less deeply lobed with irregularly serrate-acuminate lobes: branches on older trees pendulous.—A very graceful tree. Var. fastigiata, Koch (B. alba fastigiata, Carr. B. pendula pyramidalis, Dipp.). With straight upright branches, forming a narrow columnar pyramid. G.C. III. 41:151. M.D.G. 16:164. Var. tristis, Schneid. With very slender, strongly pendulous branches, forming a round regular head. Var. Youngii, Schneid. (B. alba pendula Youngii, Moore. B. pendula elegans, Dipp. B. alba elegantissima pendula, Hort.). Branches very slender, strongly pendulous; primary branches spreading or recurved, forming an irregular picturesque head; similar in habit to the weeping beech. F. 1873, p. 60. R.H. 1869, p. 136. Gn. 6, p. 528. Var. gracilis, Rehd. (B.alba laciniata gracilis pendula, Hort. B. elegans laciniata, Hort.). Habit like the preceding, with laciniate Lvs. Much slenderer and smaller and of slower growth than var. dalecarlica. Var. purpurea, Schneid. (B.vulgaris purpurea, Andre. B. alba atropurpurea, Lauche. B. pubescens atropurpurea, Zabel). Lvs. dark purple. R.B. 4:185. The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.

? Silver Birch
Betula pendula
Plant Info
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fagales Family: Betulaceae Genus: Betula Subgenus: Betula Species: B. pendula
Binomial name
Betula pendula Roth.

Betula pendula Laciniata

Betula pendula Youngii

Silver Birch, European Weeping Birch, European White Birch, or Weeping Birch (Betula pendula) is a widespread European birch, though in southern Europe it is only found at higher altitudes. Its range extends into southwest Asia in the mountains of northern Turkey and the Caucasus. The closely related Siberian Silver Birch (B. platyphylla) in northern Asia and Sichuan Birch (B. szechuanica) of central Asia are also treated as varieties of Silver Birch by some botanists, as B. pendula var. platyphylla and B. pendula var. szechuanica respectively (see birch classification).

Description

Betula pendula is a medium deciduous tree, typically reaching 15-25 m tall, exceptionally up to 30 m, with a slender crown of arched branches with drooping branchlets. The bark is white, often with black diamond-shaped marks or larger patches at the base. The shoots are rough with small warts, and hairless, and the leaves 3-6 cm long, triangular with a broad base and pointed tip, and coarsely serrated margins. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins, produced before the leaves in early spring, the small (1-2 mm) winged seeds ripening in late summer on 3-5 cm long catkins.

It is distinguished from the related Downy Birch (B. pubescens, the other common European birch) in having hairless, warty shoots (hairy, without warts in Downy Birch), and whiter bark often with scattered black fissures (greyer, less fissured, in Downy Birch). It is also distinguished cytologically, Silver Birch being diploid (with two sets of chromosomes), whereas Downy Birch is tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes). The two have subtle differences in habitat requirements, with Silver Birch found mainly on dry, sandy soils, and Downy Birch more common on wet, poorly drained sites such as clay soils and peat bogs. Silver birch also demands slightly more summer warmth than does Downy birch, which is significant in the cooler parts of Europe. Many North American texts treat the two species as conspecific (and cause confusion by combining the Downy Birch's alternative vernacular name 'White Birch', with the scientific name B. pendula of the other species), but they are regarded as distinct species throughout Europe.

Cultivation

It is often planted as a garden and ornamental tree, grown for its white bark and gracefully drooping shoots even in warmer-than-optimum places such as Los Angeles, California and Sydney, Australia. In Scandinavia and other regions of northern Europe, it is grown for forestry. It is sometimes used as a pioneer and nurse tree elsewhere.

Successful birch cultivation requires a climate cool enough for at least the occasional winter snowfall. Shallow rooted they require water during dry periods, growing best in full dun or dappled shade. They require deep, moist, fertile soil.

Cultivars

• Purpurea has rich dark purple leaves.
• Laciniata (commonly misidentified as Darlecarlica) has deeply incised leaves and weeping branches.
• Tristis ha

s and erect trunk with weeping branchlets.

• Youngii has growth similar to a weeping willow (Salix sp.) with no central leader requiring grafting onto a standard.

Human Culture

Silver Birch is Finland's national tree. Occasionally one uses leafy, fragrant boughs of Silver Birch to gently beat oneself in a sauna. The boughs are called vihta or vasta. This has a relaxing effect on the muscles.

Land of the Silver Birch is a traditional Canadian folk song, though the birch referred to is actually a different species, Paper Birch Betula papyrifera.

See also

List of Lepidoptera which feed on Birches

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  Betula pendula, bark

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  Betula pendula, fruit with seed

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  Betula pendula at night in winter