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Aquilegia (view source)

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{{Taxobox
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{{Plantbox
 
| name = ''Aquilegia''
 
| name = ''Aquilegia''
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| common_names = Columbine
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| growth_habit = herbaceous
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| high =    <!--- 3ft (1m) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 20in (65cm) -->
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| origin =    <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous = yes, see text
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure =    <!--- sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water =    <!--- frequent, regular, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 40F (5C), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for it's flowers -->
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| usda_zones =    <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Yellow columbine close.jpg
 
| image = Yellow columbine close.jpg
 
| image_width = 250px
 
| image_width = 250px
 
| image_caption = ''Aquilegia flavescens''
 
| image_caption = ''Aquilegia flavescens''
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
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| ordo = Ranunculales
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| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
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| familia = Ranunculaceae
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| genus = '''''Aquilegia'''''
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| genus = Aquilegia
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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See text
   
}}
 
}}
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<!--- GENERAL genus/plant description goes here -->
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'''''Aquilegia''''' ('''columbine''') is a [[genus]] of about 60-70 species of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s that are found in [[meadow]]s, [[woodland]]s, and at higher altitudes throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. They are known for their distinctive flowers, generally bell-shaped, with each petal modified into an elongated nectar spur. Its [[fruit]] takes the form of a [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]].
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The flowers of various species of ''Aquilegia'' were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities.   The plants seeds and roots are highly poisonous, and contain cardiogenic toxins which  cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food.
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Several species are grown in [[gardens]], including ''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]'' (European Columbine), a traditional garden flower in many parts of the world<ref>[http://books.google.ie/books?id=gLNhKoTgNEsC&pg=RA1-PA128&lpg=RA1-PA128&dq=%22aquilegia+vulgaris%22+gardens&source=web&ots=LMrrb0araw&sig=0a3Vg8JREKxxnhYJAshyQjyx2TQ&hl=en#PRA1-PA126,M1]  Columbines by Robert Noles</ref>. Numerous hybrids have also been developed as well.  They are easy to propagate from seed. 
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==Cultivation==
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{{monthbox
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| color = IndianRed
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| name = Aquilegia
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| jan =
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| feb =
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| mar = sow
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| apr = transplant
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| may = flowering
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| jun = flowering
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| jul =
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| aug =
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| sep = divide
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| oct = sow
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| nov =
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| dec =
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| notes =
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}}
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They are used as food plants by some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Cabbage Moth]], [[Dot Moth]], [[Engrailed|The Engrailed]] and [[Mouse Moth]].
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===Propagation===
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== Use and toxicity==
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===Pests and diseases===
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The flowers of various species of ''Aquilegia'' were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities.    The plants seeds and roots are highly poisonous, and contain cardiogenic toxins which  cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food.  Native Americans used very small amounts of ''Aquilegia'' root as an effective treatment for ulcers, however, the use of this plant internally is best avoided due to its high toxicity.
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Susceptible to [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Cabbage Moth]], [[Dot Moth]], [[Engrailed|The Engrailed]] and [[Mouse Moth]].
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''Aquilegia'' species are closely related to plants in the genus [[Actaea]] ''(Baneberry)'', which also produce cadiogenic toxins, and [[Aconitum]], a highly toxic plant genus which contains ''wolfbane'' and several varieties of ''monkshood''. <ref>Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1</ref>
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==Species==
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Selected species:
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[[Image:Columbine_flower.JPG|thumb|right|[[Aquilegia caerulea|''A. caerulea'']]]]
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[[Image:Aquilegia_formosa_14962.JPG|thumb|right|[[Aquilegia formosa|''A. formosa'']]]]
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[[Image:Aquilegia 'Blue Butterflies' Flower 2671px.jpg|thumb|right|''Aquilegia'' hybrid cultivar 'Blue Butterflies']]
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[[Image:Wald-Akelei.JPG|thumb|right|[[Aquilegia vulgaris|''A. vulgaris'']]]]
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== Selected species ==
   
*''[[Aquilegia alpina]]''
 
*''[[Aquilegia alpina]]''
 
*''[[Aquilegia atrata]]'' – Dark Columbine
 
*''[[Aquilegia atrata]]'' – Dark Columbine
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*''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]'' – Common Columbine, European Columbine
 
*''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]'' – Common Columbine, European Columbine
 
*''[[Aquilegia yabeana]]''
 
*''[[Aquilegia yabeana]]''
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==Gallery==
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<!-- For plants with a lot of photos - a gallery can be added below, otherwise remove this section!  -->
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<gallery>
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[[Image:Columbine_flower.JPG|[[Aquilegia caerulea|''A. caerulea'']]]]
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[[Image:Aquilegia_formosa_14962.JPG|[[Aquilegia formosa|''A. formosa'']]]]
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[[Image:Aquilegia 'Blue Butterflies' Flower 2671px.jpg|''Aquilegia'' hybrid cultivar 'Blue Butterflies']]
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[[Image:Wald-Akelei.JPG|[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]
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</gallery>
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==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
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*{{wplink}}
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{{commonscat|Aquilegia}}
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248  -->
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*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Aquilegia&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=species Flora Europaea: ''Aquilegia'']
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=AQUIL USDA PLant Profile: ''Aquilegia'']
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102388 Flora of China: ''Aquilegia''] (see also links to related floras therein)
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==External links==
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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