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{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Ranunculaceae
|genus=Aquilegia
|genus=Aquilegia
|common_name=Columbine
|habit=herbaceous
|poisonous=yes, see text
|features=flowers, naturalizes, foliage
|flower_season=mid spring
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|image=Upload.png
|image=Aquilegia_columbine_magpie_cultivar_2.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_width=240
|image_caption=Columbine cultivar 'Magpie'
}}
}}
'''''Colombine''''' <ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of about 60-70 [[species]] of '''columbines''', [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s that are found in [[meadow]]s, [[woodland]]s, and at higher altitudes throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. They are known for their distinctive [[flower]]s, generally bell-shaped, with each [[petal]] modified into an elongated [[nectar]] [[spur (biology)|spur]]. Its [[fruit]] takes the form of a [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]].<ref>Dezhi & Robinson (2001)</ref> ''Columbine'' is derived from the Latin word for Dove.
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Aquilegia (from aquilegus, water-drawer, not from aquila, eagle). Ranunculaceae. Columbine. Hardy perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere; grown for their profusion of showy flowers in early summer, and the delicate foliage later on in the year. See page 3565.
Aquilegia (from aquilegus, water-drawer, not from aquila, eagle). Ranunculaceae. Columbine. Hardy perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere; grown for their profusion of showy flowers in early summer, and the delicate foliage later on in the year.
Mostly with paniculate branches, terminated by showy fls., and 1-3 ternately-compound Lvs., commonly glaucous: the lfts. roundish and obtusely lobed: fls. large, showy, usually in spring or early summer; sepals 5, regular, petaloid; petals concave, produced backward between the sepals, forming a hollow spur; stamens numerous: fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles.— About 30 distinct species. J. G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, in G.C. II. 10:19, 76, 111, 203 (1878).
Mostly with paniculate branches, terminated by showy fls., and 1-3 ternately-compound Lvs., commonly glaucous: the lfts. roundish and obtusely lobed: fls. large, showy, usually in spring or early summer; sepals 5, regular, petaloid; petals concave, produced backward between the sepals, forming a hollow spur; stamens numerous: fr. of about 5 many-seeded follicles.
The columbines are among the most beautiful and popular of all hardy plants. The tall and strong-growing species can be used to advantage in half-shady positions. The attractive forms and rich variations in hue of aquilegias come out well when associated with hemerocallis, Siberian irises, thalictrums, polygonatums, Spiraea Filipendula and wild ferns. In the North, a similar effect is produced by grouping columbines together with white and blue Lupinus polyphyllus, Campanula persicifolia, Iris germanica and I. pattida var. dalmatica, Iceland poppies and trollius. For rockeries, the low-growing early alpine species, such as A. alpina, A. Stuartii and A.flabellata are well adapted. Throughout the middle and northern states, columbines need winter protection, dry leaves being preferable for covering.
The columbines are among the most beautiful and popular of all hardy plants. The tall and strong-growing species can be used to advantage in half-shady positions. The attractive forms and rich variations in hue of aquilegias come out well when associated with hemerocallis, Siberian irises, thalictrums, polygonatums, Spiraea Filipendula and wild ferns. In the North, a similar effect is produced by grouping columbines together with white and blue Lupinus polyphyllus, Campanula persicifolia, Iris germanica and I. pattida var. dalmatica, Iceland poppies and trollius. For rockeries, the low-growing early alpine species, such as A. alpina, A. Stuartii and A.flabellata are well adapted. Throughout the middle and northern states, columbines need winter protection, dry leaves being preferable for covering.
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The flowers of various species of ''Aquilegia'' were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. The plants seeds and roots are highly poisonous, and contain cardiogenic toxins which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food.
The flowers of various species of ''Aquilegia'' were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. The plants seeds and roots are highly poisonous, and contain cardiogenic toxins which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food.
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
| notes =
| notes =
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Large numbers of hybrids are now available for the garden, since the British A vulgaris was joined by other European and N American varieties.
<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=taGxynmhi54C Andrew McIndoe, Kevin Hobbs: Perennials. David & Charles, 2005 ISBN 1558707646, 9781558707641]</ref> Aquilegia species are very interfertile, and will self sow. <ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=aLlt53wiYr8C New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada]</ref>
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
==Species==
==Species==
Selected species:
Selected species:
*''[[Aquilegia alpina]]''
Columbine species include:<ref>Dezhi & Robinson (2001), RBGE [2008], USDA [2008]</ref>
*''[[Aquilegia atrata]]'' – Dark Columbine
[[Image:Aquilegia alpina1JUSA.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Aquilegia alpina]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia atrovinosa]]''
[[Image:Schwarzviolette Akelei (Aquilegia atrata) 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dark Columbine]], ''[[Aquilegia atrata]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia aurea]]''
[[Image:Aquilegia flabellata1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fan Columbine]], ''[[Aquilegia flabellata]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia barbaricina]]''
[[Image:Aquilegia fragrans 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fragrant Columbine]], ''[[Aquilegia fragrans]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia barnebyi]]'' – Oil Shale Columbine
[[Image:Aquilegia x maruyamana1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Aquilegia × maruyamana]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia bernardii]]''
[[Image:Aquilegia pyrenaica1JUSA.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pyrenean Columbine]], ''[[Aquilegia pyrenaica]]'']]
*''[[Aquilegia bertolonii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia alpina]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Aquilegia blecicii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia atrata]]'' <small>W.D.J.Koch</small> – [[Dark Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia brevistyla]]'' – Smallflower Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia atrovinosa]]''
*''[[Aquilegia buergeriana]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia aurea]]'' <small>Janka</small>
*''[[Aquilegia caerulea]]'' – Colorado Blue Columbine, the official [[Colorado]] [[state flower]]
* ''[[Aquilegia barbaricina]]'' – [[Barbaricina Colombine]] (doubtfully valid)
*''[[Aquilegia canadensis]]'' – Canadian Columbine, Red Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia barnebyi]]'' – [[Oil Shale Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia champagnatii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia bernardii]]'' <small>Gren. & Godr.</small>
*''[[Aquilegia chrysantha]]'' – Golden Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia bertolonii]]'' <small>Schott</small>
*''[[Aquilegia desertorum]]'' – Desert Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia blecicii]]'' <small>Podobnik</small> (doubtfully valid)
*''[[Aquilegia desolatica]]'' – Desolation Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia brevistyla]]'' – [[Smallflower Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia dinarica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia buergeriana]]''
*''[[Aquilegia ecalcarata]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia caerulea]]'' – [[Colorado Blue Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia einseleana]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia canadensis]]'' – [[Canadian Columbine]], Wild Columbine, "[[red columbine]]"
*''[[Aquilegia elegantula]]'' – Western Red Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia champagnatii]]'' <small>Moraldo, E.Nardi & la Valva</small> (doubtfully valid)
*''[[Aquilegia eximia]]'' – Van Houtte's Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia chrysantha]]'' – [[Golden Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia flabellata]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia desertorum]]'' – [[Desert Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia flavescens]]'' – Yellow Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia desolatica]]'' – [[Desolation Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia formosa]]'' – Crimson Columbine, Western Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia dinarica]]'' <small>Beck</small>
*''[[Aquilegia glandulosa]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia ecalcarata]]''
*''[[Aquilegia grahamii]]'' – Graham's Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia einseleana]]'' <small>F.W.Schultz</small>
*''[[Aquilegia grata]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia elegantula]]'' – [[Western Red Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia incurvata]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia eximia]]'' – [[Van Houtte's Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia japonica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia flabellata]]'' – [[Fan Columbine]], ''wodamakinari'' ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]]) (including ''A. akitensis'')
*''[[Aquilegia jonesii]]'' – Jones's Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia flavescens]]'' – [[Yellow Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia karatavica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia fragrans]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – [[Fragrant Columbine]]<!-- CurtisBotMag20:147. -->
*''[[Aquilegia karelini]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia formosa]]'' – [[Crimson Columbine]], Western Columbine, "[[red columbine]]"
*''[[Aquilegia kitaibelii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia glandulosa]]''
*''[[Aquilegia lactiflora]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia grahamii]]'' – [[Graham's Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia laramiensis]]'' – Laramie Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia grata]]''
*''[[Aquilegia litardierei]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia × hybrida]]''
*''[[Aquilegia longissima]]'' – Longspur Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia incurvata]]''
*''[[Aquilegia loriae]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia japonica]]''
*''[[Aquilegia micrantha]]'' – Mancos Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia jonesii]]'' – [[Jones' Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia moorcroftiana]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia karatavica]]''
*''[[Aquilegia nigricans]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia karelini]]''
*''[[Aquilegia nugorensis]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia kitaibelii]]'' <small>Schott</small>
*''[[Aquilegia nuragica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia lactiflora]]''
*''[[Aquilegia olympica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia laramiensis]]'' – [[Laramie Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia ottonis]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia litardierei]]'' <small>Briq.</small>
*''[[Aquilegia oxysepala]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia longissima]]'' – [[Longspur Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia pancicii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia loriae]]'' – [[Lori's Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia parviflora]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia magellensis]]'' <small>F.Conti & Soldano</small> – [[Magella Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia pubescens]]'' – Sierra Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia × maruyamana]]''
*''[[Aquilegia pubiflora]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia micrantha]]'' – [[Mancos Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia pyrenaica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia moorcroftiana]]''
*''[[Aquilegia rockii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia nigricans]]'' <small>Baumg.</small>
*''[[Aquilegia thalictrifolia]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia nugorensis]]'' <small>Arrigoni & E.Nardi</small> (doubtfully valid)
*''[[Aquilegia saximontana]]'' – Rocky Mountain Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia nuragica]]'' – [[Nuragica Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia schockleyi]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia olympica]]''
*''[[Aquilegia scopulorum]]'' – Blue Columbine, Utah Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia ottonis]]'' <small>Orph. ex Boiss.</small>
*''[[Aquilegia sibirica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia oxysepala]]''
*''[[Aquilegia transsilvanica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia pancicii]]'' <small>Degen</small>
*''[[Aquilegia triternata]]'' – Chiricahua Mountain Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia parviflora]]''
*''[[Aquilegia turczaninovii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia pubescens]]'' – [[Sierra Columbine]], Coville's Columbine, sometimes misnomed "[[Yellow Columbine]]"
*''[[Aquilegia viridiflora]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia pubiflora]]''
*''[[Aquilegia viscosa]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia pyrenaica]]'' <small>DC.</small> – [[Pyrenean Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia vitalii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia rockii]]''
*''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]'' – Common Columbine, European Columbine
* ''[[Aquilegia saximontana]]'' – [[Rocky Mountain Columbine]]
*''[[Aquilegia yabeana]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia scopulorum]]'' – [[Blue Columbine]], [[Utah Columbine]]
* ''[[Aquilegia shockleyi]]'' – [[Desert Columbine]]
* ''[[Aquilegia sibirica]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia thalictrifolia]]'' <small>Schott & Kotschy</small>
* ''[[Aquilegia transsilvanica]]'' <small>Schur</small>
* ''[[Aquilegia triternata]]'' – [[Chiricahua Mountain Columbine]]
* ''[[Aquilegia turczaninovii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia viridiflora]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia viscosa]]'' <small>Gouan</small>
* ''[[Aquilegia vitalii]]''
* ''[[Aquilegia vulgaris]]'' – [[Common Columbine]], European Columbine, Granny's Nightcap
* ''[[Aquilegia yabeana]]''
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<!-- For plants with a lot of photos - a gallery can be added below, otherwise remove this section! -->
<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Columbine_flower.JPG|[[Aquilegia caerulea|''A. caerulea'']]
Image:Aquilegia_formosa_14962.JPG|[[Aquilegia formosa|''A. formosa'']]
Image:Aquilegia 'Blue Butterflies' Flower 2671px.jpg|''Aquilegia'' hybrid cultivar 'Blue Butterflies'
Image:Wald-Akelei.JPG|[[Aquilegia vulgaris
</gallery>
</gallery>
==References==
==References==
*{{wplink}}
<references/>
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248 -->
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
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