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Solidago (view source)

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|lifespan=perennial
 
|lifespan=perennial
 
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|features=flowers, naturalizes, invasive
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|image=IMG 0010 nybg09.jpg
 
|image=IMG 0010 nybg09.jpg
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|image_caption=Solidago 'Leraft'
 
|image_caption=Solidago 'Leraft'
 
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The '''goldenrods''' are genus of [[flowering plants]] in the Family [[Asteraceae]].
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About 100<ref name="fna">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130659 | title = Solidago | work = Flora of North America}}</ref> [[perennial]] species make up the [[genus]] ''Solidago'', most being found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in [[North America]].  There are a handful of species from each of Mexico, South America, and Eurasia.<ref name="fna"/> Some American species have also been introduced into [[Europe]] some 250 years ago.
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Many species are difficult to distinguish.  Probably due to their bright, golden yellow flower heads blooming in late summer, the goldenrod is often unfairly blamed for causing [[hay fever]] in humans.  The pollen causing these allergy problems is mainly produced by [[Ragweed]] (''Ambrosia sp.''), blooming at the same time as the goldenrod, but is wind-pollinated. Goldenrod [[pollen]] is too heavy and sticky to be blown far from the flowers, and is thus mainly pollinated by insects.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}  Frequent handling of goldenrod and other flowers, however, can cause allergic reactions.<ref>Occupational allergy caused by flowers, journal = Allergy, volume = 53, issue = 2, pages = 204–9, issn = 0105-4538</ref>
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Goldenrods are easily recognized by their golden inflorescence with hundreds of small capitula, but some are spike-like and other have auxiliary [[raceme]]s.
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They have slender [[Plant stem|stems]], usually hairless but ''S. canadensis'' shows hairs on the upper stem. They can grow to a length between 60&nbsp;cm and 1.5 m.
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Their alternate leaves are linear to lanceolate. Their margins are usually finely to sharply serrated.
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Propagation is by wind-disseminated [[seed]] or by underground [[rhizome]]s. They form patches that are actually vegetative [[vegetative reproduction|clone]]s of a single plant.
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British gardeners adopted goldenrod long before Americans. Goldenrod only began to gain some acceptance in American gardening (other than wildflower gardening) during the 1980s. A putative hybrid with [[Aster (genus)|aster]], known as ''x Solidaster'' is less unruly, with pale yellow flowers, equally suitable for dried arrangements.  Molecular and other evidence points to Solidaster (at least [[cultivar]] Lemore) being a hybrid of ''[[Solidago ptarmicoides]]'' and ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' (the former is now placed in ''Solidago'', but is the "aster" of the name, as it has had a checkered taxonomic past).<ref>[http://web.utk.edu/~rsmall/Solidaster.pdf Molecular analysis of Solidaster cv. Lemore, a hybrid goldenrod (Asteraceae)]</ref>
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''Solidago canadensis'' was introduced as a garden plant in Central Europe, and is now common in the wild. In [[Germany]], it is considered an [[invasive species]] that displaces native vegetation from its natural habitat.
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Goldenrod is a [[companion plant]], playing host to some beneficial insects, and repelling some pests.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Solidago (according to Gray, from "solidus and ago, to make solid or draw together, in allusion to reputed vulnerary properties"). Compositae. Golden-Rod. Perennial herbs very useful for borders and for colonizing, but little known in the trade.
 
Solidago (according to Gray, from "solidus and ago, to make solid or draw together, in allusion to reputed vulnerary properties"). Compositae. Golden-Rod. Perennial herbs very useful for borders and for colonizing, but little known in the trade.
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Species==
 
==Species==
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<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
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[[File:Solidago albopilosa.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago albopilosa]]'']]
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[[Image:Goldenrods in Fountain County, Indiana.png|thumb|right|Goldenrods in rural [[Fountain County, Indiana]].]]
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* ''[[Solidago albopilosa]]'' E.L. Braun : Whitehair Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago altiplanities]]'' C.& J. Taylor : High Plains Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago arguta]]'' Ait. : Atlantic Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago arguta]]''. var. ''arguta'' : Atlantic Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago arguta]]'' var. ''boottii'' (Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark : Boott's Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago arguta]]'' var. ''caroliniana'' Gray : Atlantic Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago arguta]]'' var. ''harrisii'' (Steele) Cronq. : Harris' Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago arguta]]'' var. ''neurolepis'' (Fern.) Steyermark : Atlantic Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago auriculata]]'' Shuttlw. ex Blake : Eared Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago bicolor]]'' L. : White Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago brachyphylla]]'' Chapman : Dixie Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago buckleyi]]'' Torr. & Gray : Buckley's Goldenrod (VU)
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* ''[[Solidago caesia]]'' L. : Wreath Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago caesia]]'' var. ''caesia'' : Wreath Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago caesia]]'' var. ''curtisii'' (Torr. & Gray) Wood : Mountain Decumbent Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago calcicola]]'' Fern. : Limestone Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago californica]]'' Nutt. : California Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' L. : Canada Goldenrod, Canadian Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' var. ''canadensis'' : Canada Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' var. ''gilvocanescens'' Rydb. : Shorthair Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' var. ''hargeri'' Fern. : Harger's Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' var. ''lepida'' (DC.) Cronq. : Canada Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' var. ''salebrosa'' (Piper) M.E. Jones : Salebrosa Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago canadensis'' var. ''scabra'' (''[[Solidago altissima]]'') Torr. & Gray : Canada Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago confinis]]''
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* ''[[Solidago cutleri]]'' Fern. : Cutler's alpine Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago deamii]]'' Fern. : Deam's Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago discoidea]]'' Ell. : Rayless Mock Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago fistulosa]]'' P. Mill. : Pinebarren Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago flaccidifolia]]'' Small : Mountain Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago flexicaulis]]'' L. : Zigzag Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago gattingeri]]'' Chapman : Gattinger's Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago gigantea]]'' Ait. : Giant Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago glomerata]]'' Michx. : Clustered Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago gracillima'' Torr. & Gray : Virginia Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago guiradonis'' Gray : Guirado Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago hispida'' Muhl. ex Willd. : Hairy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago hispida'' var. ''arnoglossa'' Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago hispida'' var. ''hispida'' : Hairy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago hispida'' var. ''lanata'' (Hook.) Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago hispida'' var. ''tonsa'' Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago juliae'' Nesom : Julia's Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago juncea'' Ait. : Early Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago latissimifolia'' P. Mill. : Elliott's Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago leavenworthii'' Torr. & Gray : Leavenworth's Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago ludoviciana'' (Gray) Small : Louisiana Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago macrophylla'' Pursh : Largeleaf Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago missouriensis'' Nutt. : Missouri Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago missouriensis'' var. ''fasciculata'' Holz. : Missouri Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago missouriensis'' var. ''missouriensis'' : Missouri Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago missouriensis'' var. ''tenuissima'' (Woot. & Standl.) C.& J. Taylor : Missouri Goldenrod
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[[Image:GoldenRodGallFly.jpg|thumb|Goldenrod [[achene]] and [[gall]]s]]
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** ''Solidago missouriensis'' Nutt. var. ''tolmieana'' (Gray) Cronq. : Tolmies' Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago mollis'' Bartl. : Velvety Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago mollis'' var. ''angustata'' Shinners : Velvety Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago mollis'' var. ''mollis'' : Velvety Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago multiradiata'' Ait. : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod, Alpine Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago multiradiata'' var. ''arctica'' (DC.) Fern. : Arctic Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago multiradiata'' var. ''multiradiata'' : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago multiradiata'' var. ''scopulorum'' Gray : Manyray Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago nana'' Nutt. : Baby Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago nemoralis]]'' Ait. : Gray Goldenrod, American Western Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago nemoralis'' var. ''longipetiolata'' (Mackenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark : Gray Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago nemoralis'' var. ''nemoralis'' : Gray Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago odora'' Ait. : Anise-scented Goldenrod, Sweet Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago odora'' var. ''chapmanii'' (Gray) Cronq. : Chapman's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago odora'' var. ''odora'' : Anise-scented Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago ouachitensis'' C.& J. Taylor : Ouachita Mountain Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago patula]]'' Muhl. ex Willd. : Roundleaf Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago patula'' var. ''patula'' : Roundleaf Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago patula'' var. ''strictula'' Torr. & Gray : Roundleaf Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago petiolaris'' Ait. : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago petiolaris'' var. ''angusta'' (Torr. & Gray) Gray : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago petiolaris'' var. ''petiolaris'' : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago pinetorum'' Small : Small's Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago plumosa'' Small : Plumed Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago porteri'' Small : Porter's Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago puberula'' Nutt. : Downy Goldenrod (VU)
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** ''Solidago puberula'' var. ''puberula'' : Downy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago puberula'' var. ''pulverulenta'' (Nutt.) Chapman : Downy Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago pulchra'' Small : Carolina Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago radula'' Nutt. : Western Rough Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago radula'' var. ''laeta'' (Greene) Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago radula'' var. ''radula'' : Western Rough Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago radula'' var. ''stenolepis'' Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago roanensis'' Porter : Roan Mountain Goldenrod (Endangered)
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* ''[[Solidago rugosa]]'' P. Mill. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod, Rough-stemmed Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago rugosa'' subsp. ''aspera'' (Ait.) Cronq. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago rugosa'' subsp. ''rugosa'' : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago rugosa'' subsp. ''rugosa'' var. ''rugosa'' : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago rugosa'' subsp. ''rugosa'' var. ''sphagnophila'' Graves : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago rugosa'' subsp. ''rugosa'' var. ''villosa'' (Pursh) Fern. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago rupestris'' Raf. : Eock Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago sciaphila'' Steele : Shadowy Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago sempervirens]]'' L. : Seaside Goldenrod, Beach Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago sempervirens'' var. ''mexicana'' (L.) Fern. : Seaside Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago sempervirens'' var. ''sempervirens'' : Seaside Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago shortii]]'' Torr. & Gray : Short's Goldenrod (Endangered)
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* ''Solidago simplex'' Kunth : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' var. ''gillmanii'' (Gray) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' var. ''monticola'' (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' var. ''ontarioensis'' (Ringius) Ringius : Ontario Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' var. ''racemosa'' (Greene) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''randii'' var. ''randii'' (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi : Rand's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''simplex'' : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''simplex'' var''. nana'' (Gray) Ringius : Dwarf Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''simplex'' var. ''simplex'' : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
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*** ''Solidago simplex'' subsp. ''simplex'' var. ''spathulata'' (DC.) Cronq. : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago simulans'' Fern. : Fall Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago speciosa]]'' Nutt. : Showy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago speciosa'' var. ''erecta'' (Pursh) MacM. : Showy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago speciosa'' var. ''jejunifolia'' (Steele) Cronq. : Showy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago speciosa'' var. ''pallida'' Porter :Showy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago speciosa'' var. ''rigidiuscula'' Torr. & Gray : Showy Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago speciosa'' var. ''speciosa'' : Showy Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago spectabilis'' (D.C. Eat.) Gray : Nevada Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago spectabilis'' var. ''confinis'' (Gray) Cronq. : Nevada Goldenrod
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**'' Solidago spectabilis'' var. ''spectabilis'' : Nevada Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago spathulata'' : Mountain Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago sphacelata'' Raf. : Autumn Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago spithamaea'' M.A. Curtis : Blue Ridge Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago squarrosa'' Nutt. : Stout Goldenrod, Big Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago stricta'' Ait. : Wand Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago tortifolia'' Ell. : Twistleaf Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago tenuifolia'' : Slender Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago uliginosa'' Nutt. : Bog Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago uliginosa'' var. ''levipes'' (Fern.) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago uliginosa'' var. ''linoides'' (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago uliginosa'' var. ''terrae-novae'' (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago uliginosa''. var. ''uliginosa'' : Bog Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago ulmifolia'' Muhl. ex Willd. : Elmleaf Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago ulmifolia'' var. ''microphylla'' Gray : Elmleaf Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago ulmifolia'' var. ''palmeri'' Cronq. : Palmer's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago ulmifolia'' var. ''ulmifolia'' : Elmleaf Goldenrod
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* ''Solidago velutina'' DC. : Threenerve Goldenrod
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** ''[[Solidago velutina subsp. californica]]''
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* ''Solidago verna'' M.A. Curtis : Springflowering Goldenrod
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* ''[[Solidago virgaurea]]'' : Goldenrod, Aaron’s Rod
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* ''Solidago wrightii'' Gray : Wright's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago wrightii'' var. ''adenophora'' Blake : Wright's Goldenrod
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** ''Solidago wrightii'' var. ''wrightii'' : Wright's Goldenrod
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Natural hybrids:
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* [[Solidago Hybrid Cultivars]]
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* ''Solidago × asperula'' Desf. (''S. rugosa'' × ''S. sempervirens'')
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* ''Solidago × beaudryi'' Boivin (''S. rugosa'' ×  ''S. uliginosa'')
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* ''Solidago × erskinei'' Boivin  (''S. canadensis'' × ''S. sempervirens'')
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* ''Solidago × ovata'' Friesner (''S. sphacelata'' × ''S. ulmifolia'')
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* ''Solidago × ulmicaesia'' Friesner  (''S. caesia'' × ''S. ulmifolia'')
    
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
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<gallery perrow=5>
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Image:Solidago canadensis 20050815 248.jpg|Canadian Goldenrod (''[[Solidago canadensis]]'')
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<gallery>
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File:IMG 0011 nybg09.jpg|Solidago 'Leraft'
   
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
 
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
 
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
 
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<references/>
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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