Solidago
Lifespan: | ⌛ | perennial |
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Features: | ✓ | flowers, naturalizes, invasive |
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Solidago > |
The goldenrods are genus of flowering plants in the Family Asteraceae.
About 100[1] perennial species make up the genus Solidago, most being found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in North America. There are a handful of species from each of Mexico, South America, and Eurasia.[1] Some American species have also been introduced into Europe some 250 years ago.
Many species are difficult to distinguish. Probably due to their bright, golden yellow flower heads blooming in late summer, the goldenrod is often unfairly blamed for causing hay fever in humans. The pollen causing these allergy problems is mainly produced by Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), blooming at the same time as the goldenrod, but is wind-pollinated. Goldenrod pollen is too heavy and sticky to be blown far from the flowers, and is thus mainly pollinated by insects.[citation needed] Frequent handling of goldenrod and other flowers, however, can cause allergic reactions.[2]
Goldenrods are easily recognized by their golden inflorescence with hundreds of small capitula, but some are spike-like and other have auxiliary racemes.
They have slender stems, usually hairless but S. canadensis shows hairs on the upper stem. They can grow to a length between 60 cm and 1.5 m.
Their alternate leaves are linear to lanceolate. Their margins are usually finely to sharply serrated.
Propagation is by wind-disseminated seed or by underground rhizomes. They form patches that are actually vegetative clones of a single plant.
British gardeners adopted goldenrod long before Americans. Goldenrod only began to gain some acceptance in American gardening (other than wildflower gardening) during the 1980s. A putative hybrid with aster, known as x Solidaster is less unruly, with pale yellow flowers, equally suitable for dried arrangements. Molecular and other evidence points to Solidaster (at least cultivar Lemore) being a hybrid of Solidago ptarmicoides and Solidago canadensis (the former is now placed in Solidago, but is the "aster" of the name, as it has had a checkered taxonomic past).[3]
Solidago canadensis was introduced as a garden plant in Central Europe, and is now common in the wild. In Germany, it is considered an invasive species that displaces native vegetation from its natural habitat.
Goldenrod is a companion plant, playing host to some beneficial insects, and repelling some pests.[citation needed]
ExpandRead about Solidago in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Cultivation
Propagation
Pests and diseases
Species

- Solidago albopilosa E.L. Braun : Whitehair Goldenrod
- Solidago altiplanities C.& J. Taylor : High Plains Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta Ait. : Atlantic Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta. var. arguta : Atlantic Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta var. boottii (Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark : Boott's Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta var. caroliniana Gray : Atlantic Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta var. harrisii (Steele) Cronq. : Harris' Goldenrod
- Solidago arguta var. neurolepis (Fern.) Steyermark : Atlantic Goldenrod
- Solidago auriculata Shuttlw. ex Blake : Eared Goldenrod
- Solidago bicolor L. : White Goldenrod
- Solidago brachyphylla Chapman : Dixie Goldenrod
- Solidago buckleyi Torr. & Gray : Buckley's Goldenrod (VU)
- Solidago caesia L. : Wreath Goldenrod
- Solidago caesia var. caesia : Wreath Goldenrod
- Solidago caesia var. curtisii (Torr. & Gray) Wood : Mountain Decumbent Goldenrod
- Solidago calcicola Fern. : Limestone Goldenrod
- Solidago californica Nutt. : California Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis L. : Canada Goldenrod, Canadian Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. canadensis : Canada Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens Rydb. : Shorthair Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. hargeri Fern. : Harger's Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. lepida (DC.) Cronq. : Canada Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Piper) M.E. Jones : Salebrosa Goldenrod
- Solidago canadensis var. scabra (Solidago altissima) Torr. & Gray : Canada Goldenrod
- Solidago confinis
- Solidago cutleri Fern. : Cutler's alpine Goldenrod
- Solidago deamii Fern. : Deam's Goldenrod
- Solidago discoidea Ell. : Rayless Mock Goldenrod
- Solidago fistulosa P. Mill. : Pinebarren Goldenrod
- Solidago flaccidifolia Small : Mountain Goldenrod
- Solidago flexicaulis L. : Zigzag Goldenrod
- Solidago gattingeri Chapman : Gattinger's Goldenrod
- Solidago gigantea Ait. : Giant Goldenrod
- Solidago glomerata Michx. : Clustered Goldenrod
- Solidago gracillima Torr. & Gray : Virginia Goldenrod
- Solidago guiradonis Gray : Guirado Goldenrod
- Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. : Hairy Goldenrod
- Solidago hispida var. arnoglossa Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
- Solidago hispida var. hispida : Hairy Goldenrod
- Solidago hispida var. lanata (Hook.) Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
- Solidago hispida var. tonsa Fern. : Hairy Goldenrod
- Solidago juliae Nesom : Julia's Goldenrod
- Solidago juncea Ait. : Early Goldenrod
- Solidago latissimifolia P. Mill. : Elliott's Goldenrod
- Solidago leavenworthii Torr. & Gray : Leavenworth's Goldenrod
- Solidago ludoviciana (Gray) Small : Louisiana Goldenrod
- Solidago macrophylla Pursh : Largeleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago missouriensis Nutt. : Missouri Goldenrod
- Solidago missouriensis var. fasciculata Holz. : Missouri Goldenrod
- Solidago missouriensis var. missouriensis : Missouri Goldenrod
- Solidago missouriensis var. tenuissima (Woot. & Standl.) C.& J. Taylor : Missouri Goldenrod
- Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. tolmieana (Gray) Cronq. : Tolmies' Goldenrod
- Solidago mollis Bartl. : Velvety Goldenrod
- Solidago mollis var. angustata Shinners : Velvety Goldenrod
- Solidago mollis var. mollis : Velvety Goldenrod
- Solidago multiradiata Ait. : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod, Alpine Goldenrod
- Solidago multiradiata var. arctica (DC.) Fern. : Arctic Goldenrod
- Solidago multiradiata var. multiradiata : Rocky Mountain Goldenrod
- Solidago multiradiata var. scopulorum Gray : Manyray Goldenrod
- Solidago nana Nutt. : Baby Goldenrod
- Solidago nemoralis Ait. : Gray Goldenrod, American Western Goldenrod
- Solidago nemoralis var. longipetiolata (Mackenzie & Bush) Palmer & Steyermark : Gray Goldenrod
- Solidago nemoralis var. nemoralis : Gray Goldenrod
- Solidago odora Ait. : Anise-scented Goldenrod, Sweet Goldenrod
- Solidago odora var. chapmanii (Gray) Cronq. : Chapman's Goldenrod
- Solidago odora var. odora : Anise-scented Goldenrod
- Solidago ouachitensis C.& J. Taylor : Ouachita Mountain Goldenrod
- Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. : Roundleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago patula var. patula : Roundleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago patula var. strictula Torr. & Gray : Roundleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago petiolaris Ait. : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
- Solidago petiolaris var. angusta (Torr. & Gray) Gray : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
- Solidago petiolaris var. petiolaris : Downy Ragged Goldenrod
- Solidago pinetorum Small : Small's Goldenrod
- Solidago plumosa Small : Plumed Goldenrod
- Solidago porteri Small : Porter's Goldenrod
- Solidago puberula Nutt. : Downy Goldenrod (VU)
- Solidago puberula var. puberula : Downy Goldenrod
- Solidago puberula var. pulverulenta (Nutt.) Chapman : Downy Goldenrod
- Solidago pulchra Small : Carolina Goldenrod
- Solidago radula Nutt. : Western Rough Goldenrod
- Solidago radula var. laeta (Greene) Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
- Solidago radula var. radula : Western Rough Goldenrod
- Solidago radula var. stenolepis Fern. : Western Rough Goldenrod
- Solidago roanensis Porter : Roan Mountain Goldenrod (Endangered)
- Solidago rugosa P. Mill. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod, Rough-stemmed Goldenrod
- Solidago rugosa subsp. aspera (Ait.) Cronq. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. rugosa : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. sphagnophila Graves : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago rugosa subsp. rugosa var. villosa (Pursh) Fern. : Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago rupestris Raf. : Eock Goldenrod
- Solidago sciaphila Steele : Shadowy Goldenrod
- Solidago sempervirens L. : Seaside Goldenrod, Beach Goldenrod
- Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana (L.) Fern. : Seaside Goldenrod
- Solidago sempervirens var. sempervirens : Seaside Goldenrod
- Solidago shortii Torr. & Gray : Short's Goldenrod (Endangered)
- Solidago simplex Kunth : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. gillmanii (Gray) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. monticola (Porter) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. ontarioensis (Ringius) Ringius : Ontario Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. randii (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. simplex : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. nana (Gray) Ringius : Dwarf Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. simplex : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. simplex var. spathulata (DC.) Cronq. : Mt. Albert Goldenrod
- Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. gillmanii (Gray) Ringius : Rand's Goldenrod
- Solidago simulans Fern. : Fall Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa Nutt. : Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa var. erecta (Pursh) MacM. : Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa var. jejunifolia (Steele) Cronq. : Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa var. pallida Porter :Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula Torr. & Gray : Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago speciosa var. speciosa : Showy Goldenrod
- Solidago spectabilis (D.C. Eat.) Gray : Nevada Goldenrod
- Solidago spectabilis var. confinis (Gray) Cronq. : Nevada Goldenrod
- Solidago spectabilis var. spectabilis : Nevada Goldenrod
- Solidago spathulata : Mountain Goldenrod
- Solidago sphacelata Raf. : Autumn Goldenrod
- Solidago spithamaea M.A. Curtis : Blue Ridge Goldenrod
- Solidago squarrosa Nutt. : Stout Goldenrod, Big Goldenrod
- Solidago stricta Ait. : Wand Goldenrod
- Solidago tortifolia Ell. : Twistleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago tenuifolia : Slender Goldenrod
- Solidago uliginosa Nutt. : Bog Goldenrod
- Solidago uliginosa var. levipes (Fern.) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
- Solidago uliginosa var. linoides (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
- Solidago uliginosa var. terrae-novae (Torr. & Gray) Fern. : Bog Goldenrod
- Solidago uliginosa. var. uliginosa : Bog Goldenrod
- Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. : Elmleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago ulmifolia var. microphylla Gray : Elmleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago ulmifolia var. palmeri Cronq. : Palmer's Goldenrod
- Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia : Elmleaf Goldenrod
- Solidago velutina DC. : Threenerve Goldenrod
- Solidago verna M.A. Curtis : Springflowering Goldenrod
- Solidago virgaurea : Goldenrod, Aaron’s Rod
- Solidago wrightii Gray : Wright's Goldenrod
- Solidago wrightii var. adenophora Blake : Wright's Goldenrod
- Solidago wrightii var. wrightii : Wright's Goldenrod
Natural hybrids:
- Solidago Hybrid Cultivars
- Solidago × asperula Desf. (S. rugosa × S. sempervirens)
- Solidago × beaudryi Boivin (S. rugosa × S. uliginosa)
- Solidago × erskinei Boivin (S. canadensis × S. sempervirens)
- Solidago × ovata Friesner (S. sphacelata × S. ulmifolia)
- Solidago × ulmicaesia Friesner (S. caesia × S. ulmifolia)
Gallery
Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 "Solidago". Flora of North America.
- ↑ Occupational allergy caused by flowers, journal = Allergy, volume = 53, issue = 2, pages = 204–9, issn = 0105-4538
- ↑ Molecular analysis of Solidaster cv. Lemore, a hybrid goldenrod (Asteraceae)
External links
- w:Solidago. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Solidago QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)