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'''''Ficus''''' ({{pron-en|ˈfaɪkəs}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of about 850 [[species]] of woody [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[vine]]s, [[epiphyte]]s, and [[hemiepiphyte]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Moraceae]]. Collectively known as '''fig trees''' or '''figs''', they are native throughout the [[tropics]] with a few species extending into the semi-warm [[temperate]] zone. The so-called [[Common Fig]] (''F. carica'') is a temperate species from the Middle East and eastern Europe (mostly Ukraine), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its [[fruit]], also referred to as '''figs'''. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as [[bushfood]]. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of paramount cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
''Ficus'' is a pan-tropical genus of trees, shrubs and vines occupying a wide variety of [[ecological niche]]s; most are evergreen, but some deciduous species are endemic to areas outside of the tropics and to higher elevations.<ref name=Halevy1989>Handbook of Flowering Volume 6 of CRC Handbook of Flowering ISBN 9780849339165</ref> Fig species are characterized by their unique [[inflorescence]] and distinctive [[pollination syndrome]], which utilizes wasp species belonging to the [[Agaonidae]] family for pollination.
Some better known species that represent the diversity of the genus include the [[Common Fig]] which is a small temperate deciduous tree whose fingered [[fig leaf]] is well-known in art and [[iconography]]; the [[Weeping Fig]] (''F. benjamina'') a hemi-epiphyte with thin tough leaves on pendulous stalks adapted to its [[rain forest]] habitat; the rough-leaved [[sandpaper fig]]s from [[Australia]]; the [[Creeping Fig]] (''F. pumila''), a vine whose small, hard leaves form a dense carpet of foliage over rocks or garden walls.
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Ficus (ancient Latin name). Moraceae. The [[fig]], the [[India rubber plant]], the [[banyan tree]] and the [[creeping fig]] of conservatory walls belong to this vast and natural genus, which has over 600 species scattered through the warmer regions of the world.
Ficus (ancient Latin name). Moraceae. The [[fig]], the [[India rubber plant]], the [[banyan tree]] and the [[creeping fig]] of conservatory walls belong to this vast and natural genus, which has over 600 species scattered through the warmer regions of the world.
==Species==
==Species==
[[File:Ficus abutilifolius MS 10385.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]'']]
''[[Ficus albipila]]'' - Abbey Tree or ''tandiran''<br/>
[[File:Ficus altissima1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus altissima]]'']]
''[[Ficus altissima]]''<br>
[[File:Ficus aspera 3.jpg|thumb|right|Figs of a [[variegated]] ''[[Ficus aspera]]'']]
[[File:Starr 020227-0070 Ficus triangularis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mistletoe Fig]], ''[[Ficus deltoidea]]'']]
''[[Ficus aurea]]''<br>
[[File:Ficus erecta5.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus erecta]]'']]
[[File:Ficus ilicina.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus ilicina]]'']]
''[[Ficus benjamina]]'' - Weeping Fig<br>
[[File:Ficus lutea 0005.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus lutea]]'']]
''[[Ficus broadwayi]]''<br>
[[File:Ficus drupacea (Mysore Fig) in Bhongir fort, AP W IMG 2955.jpg|thumb|''[[Ficus mollis]]'' ]]
''[[Common Fig|Ficus carica]]'' - Common Fig<br>
[[File:Ficus mauritiana.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Ficus mauritiana]]'']]
''[[Ficus citrifolia]]'' - Strangler Fig<br>
[[File:Starr 010820-0015 Ficus pseudopalma.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus pseudopalma]]'']]
''[[Ficus coronata]]''<br>
[[File:Ficus variegata.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Ficus variegata]]'' in [[Mong Kok]], Hong Kong.]]
''[[Ficus drupacea]]''<br>
[[File:Ficus obliqua - Border Ranges National Park.jpg|thumb|right|Giant ''[[Ficus obliqua]]'', [[Border Ranges National Park]], [[Australia]].]]
''[[Ficus elastica]]''<br>
[[File:Figi Ficus roxoburghi.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ficus auriculata]]'']]
[[File:Ficus fig-fruit-on-trunk.jpg|thumb|right|Fruits on the trunk of a ''Ficus'' in [[India]]]]
''[[Ficus glaberrima]]''<br/>
About 800, including:
* ''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small> (= ''F. soldanella'' <small>Warb.</small>)
''[[Ficus grenadensis]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus adhatodifolia]]'' <small>Schott</small>
* ''[[Ficus aguaraguensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus albert-smithii]]''
''[[Ficus laevigata]]'' - ''Jamaican cherry'' <br>
* ''[[Ficus albipila]]'' — [[Abbey Tree]], [[Phueng Tree]], ''[[tandiran]]''
''[[Ficus lyrata]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus altissima]]''
''[[Ficus macbrideii]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus amazonica]]''
''[[Ficus macrophylla]]'' - Moreton Bay Fig<br>
* ''[[Ficus americana]]''
''[[Ficus microcarpa]]'' - Chinese Banyan<br>
* ''[[Ficus andamanica]]''
''[[Ficus nota]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus angladei]]''
''[[Ficus obtusifolia]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus apollinaris]]'' <small>Dugand</small> (= ''F. petenensis'' <small>Lundell</small>)
* ''[[Ficus aripuanensis]]''
''[[Ficus palmeri]]'' - Rock Fig<br>
* ''[[Ficus arpazusa]]''<ref>Brazil. Described by Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.38–39</ref>
''[[Ficus prolixa]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus aspera]]''
''[[Ficus pumila]]''<br>
** ''Ficus aspera'' var. ''parcelli''
''[[Ficus racemosa]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus aurea]]'' — [[Florida Strangler Fig]]
''[[Sacred Fig|Ficus religiosa]]'' - Sacred Fig<br>
* ''[[Ficus auriculata]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}<!-- = F. roxburghii? --> — [[Roxburgh Fig]]
''[[Ficus rubiginosa]]'' - Port Jackson Fig<br>
* ''[[Ficus barbata]]'' — [[Bearded Fig]]
''[[Ficus rumphii]]'' - Rumpf's Fig<br>
* ''[[Ficus battieri]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}
''[[Ficus stahlii]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus beddomei]]'' — [[Thavital]]
''[[Ficus sycomorus]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' — [[Indian Banyan]], Bengal Fig, East Indian Fig, ''borh'' ([[Pakistan]]), ''vad/vat/wad'', ''nyagrodha'', "[[indian fig]]"
''[[Ficus thonningii]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus benjamina]]'' — [[Weeping Fig]], Benjamin's Fig
''[[Ficus tinctoria]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus bibracteata]]''
''[[Ficus tobagensis]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus bizanae]]''
''[[Ficus triangularis]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus blepharophylla]]''
''[[Ficus trigonata]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus bojeri]]''
''[[Ficus ulmifolia]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus broadwayi]]''
''[[Ficus variegata]]'' Bl. var. chlorocarpa King<br>
* ''[[Ficus bubu]]'' <small>Warb.</small>
''[[Ficus virens]]''<br>
* ''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' <small>Hutch.</small>
''[[Ficus vogelii]]''<br/>
* ''[[Ficus calyptroceras]]''
* ''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' <small>Del.</small>
* ''[[Ficus carchiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus carica]]'' — [[Common Fig]], ''anjeer'' (Iran, Pakistan), ''dumur'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])
* ''[[Ficus castellviana]]''
* ''[[Ficus catappifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus citrifolia]]'' — [[Short-leaved Fig]], Wild Banyantree
* ''[[Ficus clusiifolia]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus congesta]]''
* ''[[Ficus cordata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
** ''Ficus cordata'' ssp. ''salicifolia'' <small>(Vahl) Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus coronata]]'' — [[Creek Sandpaper Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus costaricana]]'' <small>(Liebm.) Miq.</small>
* ''[[Ficus cotinifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus crassipes]]'' — [[Round-leaved Banana Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus crassiuscula]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
* ''[[Ficus craterostoma]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small>
* ''[[Ficus cristobalensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus cyclophylla]]''
* ''[[Ficus dammaropsis]]'' — [[Highland Breadfruit]], ''kapiak'' ([[Tok Pisin]])
* ''[[Ficus dendrocida]]''
* ''[[Ficus deltoidea]]'' — [[Mistletoe Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus destruens]]''
* ''[[Ficus drupacea]]''
* ''[[Ficus ecuadorensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus elastica]]'' — [[Indian Rubber Plant]], Rubber Fig, "[[rubber tree]]", "[[rubber plant]]"
** ''Ficus elastica'' cv. 'Decora'
** ''Ficus elastica'' var. ''variegata''
* ''[[Ficus elasticoides]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}
* ''[[Ficus elliotiana]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus enormis]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus erecta]]'' — Japanese fig, イヌビワ
* ''[[Ficus faulkneriana]]''
* ''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' <small>Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.</small> (= ''F. kiloneura'' <small>Hornby</small>)
* ''[[Ficus fistulosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus fraseri]]'' — [[Shiny Sandpaper Fig]], White Sandpaper Fig, "[[figwood]]", "[[watery fig]]"
* ''[[Ficus fulvo-pilosa]]'' <small>Summerh.</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Ficus gardneriana]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus gibbosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus gigantosyce]]'' <small>Dugand</small>
* ''[[Ficus gilletii]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}
* ''[[Ficus glabra]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus glaberrima]]''
* ''[[Ficus glumosa]]'' <small>(Miq.) Del.</small> (=''F. sonderi'' <small>Miq.</small>)
* ''[[Ficus godeffroyi]]'' (endemic to [[Samoa]], known as ''Mati''.)
* ''[[Ficus gomelleira]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus greenwoodii]]'' <small>Summerh.</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Ficus greiffiana]]''
* ''[[Ficus grenadensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus grossularioides]]'' — [[White-leaved Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus guajavoides]]'' <small>Lundell</small>
* ''[[Ficus guaranitica]]''<ref>Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.64–66</ref>
* ''[[Ficus guianensis]]''<ref>Brazil: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.67–69</ref>
* ''[[Ficus hartii]]''
* ''[[Ficus hebetifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus hederacea]]''
* ''[[Ficus heterophylla]]''
* ''[[Ficus hirsuta]]''
* ''[[Ficus hirta]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
* ''[[Ficus hispida]]''
* ''[[Ficus hispita]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' <small>(Sond.) Miq.</small>
* ''[[Ficus illiberalis]]''
* ''[[Ficus insipida]]''
** ''Ficus insipida'' ssp. ''insipida''
** ''Ficus insipida'' ssp. ''scabra''
* ''[[Ficus kerkhovenii]] — Johore Fig <ref>[http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/heritage/changi/changitrees/index.html Changitrees]</ref>
* ''[[Ficus luschnathiana]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small>
* ''[[Ficus infectoria]]'' — [[Wavy-leaved Fig]], ''[[plaksa]]''
* ''[[Ficus ingens]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small>
* ''[[Ficus krukovii]]''
* ''[[Ficus lacor]]''
* ''[[Ficus lacunata]]''
* ''[[Ficus laevigata]]''
* ''[[Ficus laevis]]''
* ''[[Ficus lapathifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus lateriflora]]''
* ''[[Ficus lauretana]]''
* ''[[Ficus loxensis]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus lutea]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. vogelii'', ''F. nekbudu'', ''F. quibeba'' <small>Welw. ex Fical.</small>)
* ''[[Ficus lyrata]]'' — [[Fiddle-leaved Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus macbridei]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2008}} <small>Standl.</small><!-- "macbrideii"? -->
* ''[[Ficus maclellandii]]'' — Alii Fig or Banana-Leaf Fig
* ''[[Ficus macrocarpa]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- = F. retusa? -->
* ''[[Ficus macrophylla]]'' — [[Moreton Bay Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus magnifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus malacocarpa]]''
* ''[[Ficus mariae]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus masonii]]'' <small>Horne ex Baker</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Ficus mathewsii]]''
* ''[[Ficus matiziana]]''
* ''[[Ficus mauritiana]]''
* ''[[Ficus maxima]]''
* ''[[Ficus maximoides]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus meizonochlamys]]''
* ''[[Ficus mexiae]]''
* ''[[Ficus microcarpa]]'' — [[Chinese Banyan]], Malayan Banyan, Curtain Fig, "[[Indian laurel]]"
** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''hillii'' — Hill's Fig
** ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''nitida'' — often considered a [[subspecies]] of ''F. retusa'' or a distinct species
* ''[[Ficus microchlamys]]''
* ''[[Ficus minahasae]]'' — ''[[longusei]]'' ([[Sulawesi]]{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- perhaps generally Indonesian -->)
* ''[[Ficus mollior]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small>
* ''[[Ficus monckii]]''
* ''[[Ficus montana]]'' — Oakleaf Fig
* ''[[Ficus muelleri]]''
* ''[[Ficus muelleriana]]''
* ''[[Ficus mutabilis]]''
* ''[[Ficus mutisii]]'' <small>Dugand</small>
* ''[[Ficus mysorensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus natalensis]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> — ''[[mutuba]]'' ([[Luganda]])
** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''leprieurii''
** ''Ficus natalensis'' ssp. ''natalensis''
* ''[[Ficus neriifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus nervosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus noronhae]]''
* ''[[Ficus nota]]'' — ''[[tibig]]''
* ''[[Ficus nymphaeifolia]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus oapana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus obliqua]]'' — [[Small-leaved Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus obtusifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus obtusiuscula]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small>
* ''[[Ficus opposita]]'' — [[Sweet Sandpaper Fig]], Sweet Fig, "[[figwood]]", "[[watery fig]]"
* ''[[Ficus organensis]]'' <small>([[Miq.]]) [[Miq.]]</small>
* ''[[Ficus padifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus pakkensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus pallida]]''
* ''[[Ficus palmata]]''
* ''[[Ficus pandurata]]''
* ''[[Ficus pantoniana]]'' — [[Climbing Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus panurensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus pertusa]]''
* ''[[Ficus petiolaris]]'' (= ''F. palmeri'')
* ''[[Ficus pilosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus piresiana]]'' <small>Vázq.Avila & C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus platypoda]]'' — [[Desert Fig]], Rock Fig
* ''[[Ficus pleurocarpa]]'' — [[Banana Fig]], Gabi Fig, Karpe Fig
* ''[[Ficus polita]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
** ''Ficus polita'' ssp. ''polita''
* ''[[Ficus prolixa]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small> (= ''F. mariannensis'' <small>Merr.</small>)<!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Ficus pseudopalma]]'' <small>Blanco</small>
* ''[[Ficus pulchella]]''
* ''[[Ficus pumila]]'' — [[Creeping Fig]]
** [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|''Ficus pumila'' var. ''awkeotsang'']]
* ''[[Ficus pyriformis]]''
* ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' — [[Cluster Fig]], Goolar Fig, ''udumbara'' ([[Sanskrit]]), ''umbar'' (India)
* ''[[Ficus ramiflora]]''
* ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' — [[Sacred Fig]], ''arali'', ''bo, pipal, pippala, pimpal'' (etc.), ''pou'' ([[Cambodia]]), ''[[Ashvastha]]''
* ''[[Ficus retusa]]'' — [[Taiwan Fig]], Ginseng Fig, "[[Indian laurel]]", "Cuban-laurel"
* ''[[Ficus rieberiana]]'' <small>C.C.Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus roraimensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus roxburghii]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}<!-- = F. auriculata? -->
* ''[[Ficus rubiginosa]]'' — [[Port Jackson Fig]], Little-leaved Fig, Rusty Fig, ''damun'' ([[Sydney Language]])
* ''[[Ficus rumphii]]'' <small>Blume</small> — [[Rumpf's Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus salicifolia]]'' <small>Vahl</small> (= ''F. pretoriae'' <small>Burtt Davy</small>) — [[Willow-leaved Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus salzmanniana]]''
* ''[[Ficus sansibarica]]'' <small>Warb.</small>
* ''[[Ficus sarmentosa]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}
* ''[[Ficus saussureana]]''
* ''[[Ficus scabra]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small><!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Ficus schippii]]''
* ''[[Ficus schultesii]]''
* ''[[Ficus schumacheri]]''
* ''[[Ficus septica Burm. F. var. septica Moraceae]]'' — ''Hauli Tree'' in [[Philippines]]
* ''[[Ficus sphenophylla]]''
* ''[[Ficus stahlii]]''
* ''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]'' <small>Warb.</small>
* ''[[Ficus subpuberula]]''
* ''[[Ficus superba]]''
* ''[[Ficus superba var. henneana]]''
* ''[[Ficus sur]]'' <small>Forssk.</small> (= ''F. capensis'')
* ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'' — [[Sycamore Fig]], Fig-mulberry
** ''Ficus sycomorus'' ssp. ''sycomorus''
** ''Ficus sycomorus'' ssp. ''gnaphalocarpa'' <small>(Miq.) C.C. Berg</small>
* ''[[Ficus tettensis]]'' <small>Hutch.</small> (= ''F. smutsii'' <small>Verdoorn</small>)
* ''[[Ficus thonningii]]''
* ''[[Ficus tinctoria]]'' — [[Dye Fig]], Humped Fig
* ''[[Ficus tobagensis]]''
* ''[[Ficus tomentella]]''{{Verify source|date=April 2008}}
* ''[[Ficus tomentosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus tonduzii]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
* ''[[Ficus tremula]]'' <small>Warb.</small>
** ''Ficus tremula'' ssp. ''tremula''
* ''[[Ficus triangularis]]''
* ''[[Ficus trichopoda]]'' <small>Bak.</small> (= ''F. hippopotami'' <small>Gerstn.</small>)
* ''[[Ficus trigona]]'' <small>[[L.f.]]</small>
* ''[[Ficus trigonata]]''
* ''[[Ficus triradiata]]'' — [[Red-stipule Fig]]
* ''[[Ficus ulmifolia]]''
* ''[[Ficus umbellata]]''{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}
* ''[[Ficus ursina]]''
* ''[[Ficus variegata]]'' <small>Bl.</small>
** ''Ficus variegata'' var. ''chlorocarpa'' <small>King</small>
* ''[[Ficus variolosa]]''
* ''[[Ficus velutina]]''
* ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' Warb.
* ''[[Ficus virens]]'' — [[White Fig]], ''pilkhan'', ''an-borndi'' ([[Gun-djeihmi]])
* ''[[Ficus virens var. sublanceolata]]'' White Fig, [[New South Wales]]
* ''[[Ficus virgata]]''
* ''[[Ficus wassa]]''
* ''[[Ficus watkinsiana]]'' — [[Watkins' Fig]], Nipple Fig, Green-leaved Moreton Bay Fig
* ''[[Ficus yoponensis]]'' <small>Desv.</small>
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