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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Bulbophyllum''
| image = Bulbophyllum-echinolabium.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Bulbophyllum echinolabium''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Podochilaeae]]
| subtribus = [[Bulbophyllinae]]
| genus = '''''Bulbophyllum'''''
| genus_authority = [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]], 1822
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
[[List of Bulbophyllum species]]<br />
<small>
1805 species, including:<br />
''Bulb. barbigerum'' ([[Bearded Bulbophylllum]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum beccarii|Bulb. beccarii]]''<br />
''Bulb. crassulifolium'' ([[Wheat-leaved Bulbophyllum]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum|Bulb. falcatum]]''<br />
''Bulb. flaviflorum'' ([[Golden comb orchid]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum fletcherianum|Bulb. fletcherianum]]'' (Tongue Orchid)<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum globuliforme|Bulb. globuliforme]]''<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii|Bulb. macphersonii]]''<br />
''Bulb. macraei'' ([[Wu-lai cirrous orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. makayanum'' ([[Daisy orchid]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum medusae|Bulb. medusae]]''<br />
''Bulb. pachyrhachis'' ([[Rattail orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. purpurea'' ([[Lizard orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. retusiusculum'' ([[Yellow comb orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. transarisanense'' ([[Lily orchid]])<br />
</small>
}}
'''''Bulbophyllum''''' is the largest genus in the orchid family [[Orchidaceae]]. With 1805 species, it is also one of the largest [[genus|genera]] in the entire [[plant]] kingdom, exceeded only by ''[[Senecio]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia]]''. This genus is abbreviated in the trade journals as '''Bulb.'''
== Description ==
This genus was first described by [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] (botanical abbreviation '''Thouars''') in his book "Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées recueillies sur les trois Iles Australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar", describing 17 Bulbophyllum species. There are now more than 2,800 records (accepted names and synonyms) for this genus. This large number and the great variety of its forms make this genus a real nightmare for a taxonomist : a 120 sections and subgenera have been listed. Some of these may deserve a generic status. Several species have ten synonyms ! Up to now a general review of this genus is lacking. But as [[Carlyle A. Luer]] of [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] disentangled the similar chaos in the [[Pleurothallidinae]], so we may expect that a [[phylogenetic]] study of this genus will gain us a better insight in this large genus.
The scientific name has been derived from the Latin word ''bulbus'' (bulb-like) and the Greek word ''phyllon'' (leaf), referring to the [[pseudobulb]]s on top of which the leaf is growing.
The center of diversity is in the montane forests of [[Papua New Guinea]] (more than 600 species) which seems to be the [[evolution]]ary homeland, though the genus is pantropical and widespread occurring in [[Australia]], [[Southeast Asia]] with over 200 species in [[Borneo]]), [[Africa]] [[Madagascar]] (with 135 species, some endemic) and in tropical central and [[South America]].
The general characteristics for this genus are : single-noded pseudobulbs, the basal inflorescence and the mobile lip.
This genus covers an incredible range of vegetative forms, from tall plants with cane-like stems, to root climbers that wind or creep their way up tree trunks. Other members are pendulous [[epiphyte]]s (growing on other plants), and quite a number that have developed succulent foliage to a greater or lesser degree. Some species are [[mithophyte|lithophytic]]. One species has almost become leafless and uses its [[pseudobulb]]s as the organs of [[photosynthesis]].
These orchids with a [[sympodial]] growth have [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] stems with often angled [[pseudobulb]]s. The thin to leathery leaves are folded lengthwise.
The erect to pendent [[inflorescence]] arises laterally from the base of the pseudobulb. The flower form has a basic structural blueprint that serves to identify this genus. But this form can be very diverse : compound or single, with few to many flowers, with the [[resupinate]] flowers arranged spirally or in two vertical ranks. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s can also be very varied : straight or turned down, without footstalk or with a long claw at the base. They are often hairy of callous. There are two to four hard and waxy [[pollinia]] with [[stipe (botany)|stipe]]s present or absent. The fruits are beakless capsules.
Some species are known for their extremes of vegetive and floral form:
*''[[Bulbophyllum beccarii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum barbigerum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum globuliforme]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum medusae]]''
New species are being discovered every year, such as
*''Bulbophyllum ciluliae'' Bianch. & J.A.N.Bat., Sitientibus 2004
*''Bulbophyllum orezii'' Sath.Kumar 2004
There is one intergeneric hybrid : ''Triasphyllum'' (abbr.: Tphm.) (''Bulbophyllum'' x ''Trias'')
== Synonyms ==
Since ''Bulbophyllum'' was described for the first time by Thouars, many synonyms have been given to this genus :
*''Anisopetalum'' Hkr. 1825.
*''Bolbophyllaria'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Bolbophyllum'' Spreng. 1826.
*''Cochlia'' Bl. 1825.
*''Didactyle'' Lindley 1852.
*''Diphyes'' Bl. 1825.
*''Ephippium'' Blume 1825.
*''Epicranthes'' Bl. 1825.
*''Epicrianthes'' Bl. 1828.
*''Gersinia'' Neraud. 1826.
*''Henosis'' Hkr.f 1890.
*''Katherinea'' A. D. Hawkes 1956.
*''Lyraea'' Lindl. 1830.
*''Macrolepis'' A. Rich. 1834.
*''Malachadenia'' Lindley 1839.
*''Megaclinium'' Lindley 1826.
*''Odontostyles'' Breda 1827.
*''Osyricera'' Bl. 1825.
*''Oxysepala'' Wight 1851.
*''Phyllorchis'' Thou. 1822.
*''Sarcopodium'' Lindley & Paxton 1850.
*''Sestochilos'' Breda 1828.
*''Sunipia'' Lindley 1826.
*''Taurostalix'' Rchb.f. 1852.
*''Tribrachia'' Lindley 1824.
*''Xiphizusa'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Zygoglossum'' Reinw. 1826 [1828].
==Conservation status==
A number of ''Bulbophyllum'' species are [[threatened species|threatened with extinction]], and are recognised as such by the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN):
*''[[Bulbophyllum bifarium]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum filiforme]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum gravidum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum jaapii]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum kupense]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum modicum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum nigericum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum pandanetorum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum rubrolabellum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum tokioi]]'', Endangered
Additionally, ''[[Bulbophyllum porphyrostachys]]'' is [[IUCN Red List|listed]] as [[near threatened]].
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Bulbophyllum-falcatum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum falcatum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-lepidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum lepidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-putidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum putidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-pectenveneris.jpg|''Bulbophyllum pectenveneris''
</gallery>
==References==
*J.J. Vermeulen : Orchid Monographs Vol. 7 (1993) , ''A taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum, sections Adelopetalum, Lepanthanthe, Macrouris, Pelma, Peltopus, and Uncifera (Orchidaceae''). iv + 324 pp., 25 text-figs. + 116 full-page line drawings, 6 pp. colour plates. ISBN 90-71236-17-X
* Siegerist E.S.: - ''Bulbophyllums and their allies'' - devoted solely to Bulbophyllums, it is an introductory guide for amateur and advanced orchid growers. Pub. 2001, 77 colour photos, 296 pp ISBN 0-88192-506-3
==External link==
{{commonscat|Bulbophyllum}}
*[http://www.bulbophyllum.at/index.php?l=english Bulbophyllum page]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of Australia]]
[[Category:Orchids of New Zealand]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Bulbophyllum''
| image = Bulbophyllum-echinolabium.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Bulbophyllum echinolabium''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Podochilaeae]]
| subtribus = [[Bulbophyllinae]]
| genus = '''''Bulbophyllum'''''
| genus_authority = [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]], 1822
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
[[List of Bulbophyllum species]]<br />
<small>
1805 species, including:<br />
''Bulb. barbigerum'' ([[Bearded Bulbophylllum]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum beccarii|Bulb. beccarii]]''<br />
''Bulb. crassulifolium'' ([[Wheat-leaved Bulbophyllum]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum|Bulb. falcatum]]''<br />
''Bulb. flaviflorum'' ([[Golden comb orchid]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum fletcherianum|Bulb. fletcherianum]]'' (Tongue Orchid)<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum globuliforme|Bulb. globuliforme]]''<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii|Bulb. macphersonii]]''<br />
''Bulb. macraei'' ([[Wu-lai cirrous orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. makayanum'' ([[Daisy orchid]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum medusae|Bulb. medusae]]''<br />
''Bulb. pachyrhachis'' ([[Rattail orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. purpurea'' ([[Lizard orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. retusiusculum'' ([[Yellow comb orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. transarisanense'' ([[Lily orchid]])<br />
</small>
}}
'''''Bulbophyllum''''' is the largest genus in the orchid family [[Orchidaceae]]. With 1805 species, it is also one of the largest [[genus|genera]] in the entire [[plant]] kingdom, exceeded only by ''[[Senecio]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia]]''. This genus is abbreviated in the trade journals as '''Bulb.'''
== Description ==
This genus was first described by [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] (botanical abbreviation '''Thouars''') in his book "Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées recueillies sur les trois Iles Australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar", describing 17 Bulbophyllum species. There are now more than 2,800 records (accepted names and synonyms) for this genus. This large number and the great variety of its forms make this genus a real nightmare for a taxonomist : a 120 sections and subgenera have been listed. Some of these may deserve a generic status. Several species have ten synonyms ! Up to now a general review of this genus is lacking. But as [[Carlyle A. Luer]] of [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] disentangled the similar chaos in the [[Pleurothallidinae]], so we may expect that a [[phylogenetic]] study of this genus will gain us a better insight in this large genus.
The scientific name has been derived from the Latin word ''bulbus'' (bulb-like) and the Greek word ''phyllon'' (leaf), referring to the [[pseudobulb]]s on top of which the leaf is growing.
The center of diversity is in the montane forests of [[Papua New Guinea]] (more than 600 species) which seems to be the [[evolution]]ary homeland, though the genus is pantropical and widespread occurring in [[Australia]], [[Southeast Asia]] with over 200 species in [[Borneo]]), [[Africa]] [[Madagascar]] (with 135 species, some endemic) and in tropical central and [[South America]].
The general characteristics for this genus are : single-noded pseudobulbs, the basal inflorescence and the mobile lip.
This genus covers an incredible range of vegetative forms, from tall plants with cane-like stems, to root climbers that wind or creep their way up tree trunks. Other members are pendulous [[epiphyte]]s (growing on other plants), and quite a number that have developed succulent foliage to a greater or lesser degree. Some species are [[mithophyte|lithophytic]]. One species has almost become leafless and uses its [[pseudobulb]]s as the organs of [[photosynthesis]].
These orchids with a [[sympodial]] growth have [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] stems with often angled [[pseudobulb]]s. The thin to leathery leaves are folded lengthwise.
The erect to pendent [[inflorescence]] arises laterally from the base of the pseudobulb. The flower form has a basic structural blueprint that serves to identify this genus. But this form can be very diverse : compound or single, with few to many flowers, with the [[resupinate]] flowers arranged spirally or in two vertical ranks. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s can also be very varied : straight or turned down, without footstalk or with a long claw at the base. They are often hairy of callous. There are two to four hard and waxy [[pollinia]] with [[stipe (botany)|stipe]]s present or absent. The fruits are beakless capsules.
Some species are known for their extremes of vegetive and floral form:
*''[[Bulbophyllum beccarii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum barbigerum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum globuliforme]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum medusae]]''
New species are being discovered every year, such as
*''Bulbophyllum ciluliae'' Bianch. & J.A.N.Bat., Sitientibus 2004
*''Bulbophyllum orezii'' Sath.Kumar 2004
There is one intergeneric hybrid : ''Triasphyllum'' (abbr.: Tphm.) (''Bulbophyllum'' x ''Trias'')
== Synonyms ==
Since ''Bulbophyllum'' was described for the first time by Thouars, many synonyms have been given to this genus :
*''Anisopetalum'' Hkr. 1825.
*''Bolbophyllaria'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Bolbophyllum'' Spreng. 1826.
*''Cochlia'' Bl. 1825.
*''Didactyle'' Lindley 1852.
*''Diphyes'' Bl. 1825.
*''Ephippium'' Blume 1825.
*''Epicranthes'' Bl. 1825.
*''Epicrianthes'' Bl. 1828.
*''Gersinia'' Neraud. 1826.
*''Henosis'' Hkr.f 1890.
*''Katherinea'' A. D. Hawkes 1956.
*''Lyraea'' Lindl. 1830.
*''Macrolepis'' A. Rich. 1834.
*''Malachadenia'' Lindley 1839.
*''Megaclinium'' Lindley 1826.
*''Odontostyles'' Breda 1827.
*''Osyricera'' Bl. 1825.
*''Oxysepala'' Wight 1851.
*''Phyllorchis'' Thou. 1822.
*''Sarcopodium'' Lindley & Paxton 1850.
*''Sestochilos'' Breda 1828.
*''Sunipia'' Lindley 1826.
*''Taurostalix'' Rchb.f. 1852.
*''Tribrachia'' Lindley 1824.
*''Xiphizusa'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Zygoglossum'' Reinw. 1826 [1828].
==Conservation status==
A number of ''Bulbophyllum'' species are [[threatened species|threatened with extinction]], and are recognised as such by the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN):
*''[[Bulbophyllum bifarium]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum filiforme]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum gravidum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum jaapii]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum kupense]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum modicum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum nigericum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum pandanetorum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum rubrolabellum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum tokioi]]'', Endangered
Additionally, ''[[Bulbophyllum porphyrostachys]]'' is [[IUCN Red List|listed]] as [[near threatened]].
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Bulbophyllum-falcatum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum falcatum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-lepidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum lepidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-putidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum putidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-pectenveneris.jpg|''Bulbophyllum pectenveneris''
</gallery>
==References==
*J.J. Vermeulen : Orchid Monographs Vol. 7 (1993) , ''A taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum, sections Adelopetalum, Lepanthanthe, Macrouris, Pelma, Peltopus, and Uncifera (Orchidaceae''). iv + 324 pp., 25 text-figs. + 116 full-page line drawings, 6 pp. colour plates. ISBN 90-71236-17-X
* Siegerist E.S.: - ''Bulbophyllums and their allies'' - devoted solely to Bulbophyllums, it is an introductory guide for amateur and advanced orchid growers. Pub. 2001, 77 colour photos, 296 pp ISBN 0-88192-506-3
==External link==
{{commonscat|Bulbophyllum}}
*[http://www.bulbophyllum.at/index.php?l=english Bulbophyllum page]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of Australia]]
[[Category:Orchids of New Zealand]]
