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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Chrysanthemum''
| image = Chrysanthemums.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = A cluster of chrysanthemums
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| genus = '''''Chrysanthemum'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''[[Chrysanthemum aphrodite]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum arcticum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum arisanense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum boreale]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum chanetii]]''<br/>
''[[Pyrethrum|Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum crassum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum glabriusculum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum hypargyrum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum japonense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum japonicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum mawii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum maximowiczii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum mongolicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum morii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum okiense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum oreastrum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum ornatum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum pacificum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum potentilloides]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum segetum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum shiwogiku]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum sinuatum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum vestitum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum weyrichii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum zawadskii]]''
}}
'''Chrysanthemums''' are a genus (''Chrysanthemum'') of about 30 species of [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]], native to [[Asia]] and northeastern [[Europe]].
==Taxonomy==
[[Image:IMG 2967.JPG|thumb|200px|left| ]]
The genus once included many more species, but was split several decades ago into several genera; the naming of the genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 1999 has resulted in the defining species of the genus being changed to ''Chrysanthemum indicum'', thereby restoring the economically important florist's chrysanthemum to the genus ''Chrysanthemum''. These species were, after the splitting of the genus but before the ICBN ruling, commonly treated under the genus name ''Dendranthema''.
The other species previously treated in the narrow view of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'' are now transferred to the genus ''[[Glebionis]]''. The other genera split off from ''Chrysanthemum'' include ''[[Argyranthemum]]'', ''[[Leucanthemopsis]]'', ''[[Leucanthemum]]'', ''[[Rhodanthemum]]'', and ''[[Tanacetum]]''.
The species of ''Chrysanthemum'' are [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s growing to 50–150 cm tall, with deeply lobed leaves and large flowerheads, white, yellow or pink in the wild species.
''Chrysanthemum'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species — see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Chrysanthemum]].
Today’s flowers are not as bright or large as ‘show’ varieties.
== History ==
[[Image:Red mums.jpg|left|thumb|Cultivated chrysanthemums can be yellow, white, or even bright red, such as these.]]
Chrysanthemums were cultivated in [[China]] as a flowering [[herb]] as far back as the [[15th century BC]]. An ancient Chinese city was named [[Ju-Xian]], meaning "chrysanthemum city". The flower was introduced into [[Japan]] probably in the [[8th century|8th century AD]], and the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] adopted the flower as his [[Imperial Seal of Japan|official seal]]. There is a "Festival of Happiness" in Japan that celebrates the flower.
The flower was brought to Europe in the [[17th century]]. [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] named it from the [[Greek language|Greek]] prefix ''chrys-'', which means golden (the colour of the original flowers), and ''-anthemon'', meaning flower.<br clear=left>
== Economic uses ==
=== Ornamental uses ===
Modern chrysanthemums are much more showy than their wild rel
atives. The [[flower]]s occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons or buttons. This genus contains many [[hybrid]]s and thousands of [[cultivar]]s developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colours are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is ''Chrysanthemum × morifolium'' (syn. ''C. × grandiflorum''), derived primarily from ''C. indicum'' but also involving other species.
[[Image:Chrysanthemum Bunch Closeup 3264px.jpg|right|thumb|A closeup of the flowers]]
Chrysanthemum leaves resemble its close cousin, the mugwort weed — so much so that mugwort is sometimes called wild chrysanthemum — making them not always the first choice for professional gardeners.
Chrysanthemums make a welcome addition to the garden, in particular because their late flowering offers advantages when the other garden plants are winding down for winter. Outdoor flowering chrysanthemums will need protection from hard frosts.
=== Culinary uses ===
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as "[[chrysanthemum tea]]" ([[wiktionary:菊|菊]][[wiktionary:花|花]][[wiktionary:茶|茶]], pinyin: juhua cha, in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]). Chrysanthemum tea has many medicinal uses, including an aid in recovery from [[influenza]]. In Korea, a [[Korean wine#Flower wines|rice wine]] flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called ''gukhwaju'' (국화주).<sup>[http://www.at.or.kr/ICSFiles/afieldfile/2006/03/18/63_450.jpg photo 1]</sup><sup>[http://www.khan.co.kr/images/2005/09/07/5i0835a.jpg photo 2]</sup>
=== Insecticidal uses ===
[[Image:Zoo19feb (1).jpg||right|thumb|Chrysanthemum coronarium in the [[Tel Aviv]] [[botanical garden]]]]
[[Pyrethrum]] (''Chrysanthemum ''[or'' [[Tanacetum]]'']'' cinerariaefolium'') is economically important as a natural source of [[insecticide]]. The flowers are pulverized and the active components called [[pyrethrin]]s, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an [[oleoresin]]. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all [[insect]]s, and inhibit female [[mosquito]]es from biting. When not present in amounts fatal to insects, they still appear to have an [[insect repellent]] effect. They are harmful to [[fish]], but are far less toxic to [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s than many synthetic insecticides and are non-persistent, being [[biodegradation|biodegradable]] and also [[Chemical decomposition|breaking down]] easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around [[food]]. ([[Pyrethroid]]s are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum, e.g., [[permethrin]].)
==Cultural significance and symbolism==
In some countries of [[Europe]], [[Korea]] and in [[Japan]], white chrysanthemums are symbolic of [[death]] and are only used for funerals or on graves. In China, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation, while in some other countries, of honesty.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the [[United States]], the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*The [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 菊花紋章, ''kikukamonshō'' or ''kikkamonshō'') is the name given to the position of [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese emperor]]. The chrysanthemum (菊 ''kiku'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) is the [[Mon (badge)|monshō]] ("badge" or "crest") of the emperor of Japan, and therefore the flower represents the emperor and [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial House]]. The term ''kikukamonshō'' literally means the "[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Chrysanthemum Crest]]" (Imperial Seal).
*The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four [[Junzi]] Flowers" ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) of [[Chinese culture|China]] (the others being [[ume]], [[orchid]], and [[bamboo]]), known in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as '''jú''' ({{lang|zh|菊}}). The jú is said to have been favored by [[Tao Qian]], an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobleness.
*The chrysanthemum is the flower of the American musician fraternity [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]].
*The white chrysanthemum is the flower of Triangle Fraternity, a society of engineers, architects, and scientists.
*Chrysanthemums were recognized as the official flower of the city of [[Chicago]] in 1966.[http://www.falconliving.com/chicago-real-estate-news/2006/08/chrysanthemum-official-flower-of.html]
*The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of [[firework]] shell that produces a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum flower. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.[http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.html]
[[Image:Maroon Mums.jpg|thumb|left|225px|]]
*A Chrysanthemum Festival is held each year in [[Tongxiang]], near [[Hangzhou]], China.[http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:HrHVRepbXjAJ:www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp%3Fm_id%3D561+tongxiang+chrysanthemum&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us]
*The "golden flower" referred to in the 2007 movie [[Curse of the Golden Flower]] is a chrysanthemum.
*Chrysanthemums are common visual [[hallucinations]] induced by the psychoactive [[Dimethyltryptamine]][http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=46856]
==See also==
{{Commons|Chrysanthemum}}
{{Wikispecies|Chrysanthemum}}
*[[Chrysanthemum tea]]
*[[Garland chrysanthemum]]
*[[Daisy]]
*[[Chrysanthemum Throne]]
*[[Persian powder]]
*[[Pyrethrin]]s, natural compounds
*[[Pyrethroid]]s, synthetic versions
[http://www.myspace.com/chrysanthemumsound chrysanthemum (musical group)]
==References and external links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Chrysanthemum'']
*[http://www.allartclassic.com/subj_pictures_zoom.php?id_subjects=6&p_number=26&p=&number=CEP028&forder=1&stt=6&pname=Paul_Cezanne_CEP028 Painting of Chrysanthemums]
*[http://www.homegardenguides.com/wiki/Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum Gardening] and care
*[http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htm ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down for ''Chrysanthemum'')]<!--make this a reference-->
[[Category:Asteraceae]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Chinese gardening styles]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Chrysanthemum''
| image = Chrysanthemums.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = A cluster of chrysanthemums
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| genus = '''''Chrysanthemum'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''[[Chrysanthemum aphrodite]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum arcticum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum arisanense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum boreale]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum chanetii]]''<br/>
''[[Pyrethrum|Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum crassum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum glabriusculum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum hypargyrum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum japonense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum japonicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum mawii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum maximowiczii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum mongolicum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum morifolium]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum morii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum okiense]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum oreastrum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum ornatum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum pacificum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum potentilloides]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum segetum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum shiwogiku]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum sinuatum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum vestitum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum weyrichii]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum]]''<br/>
''[[Chrysanthemum zawadskii]]''
}}
'''Chrysanthemums''' are a genus (''Chrysanthemum'') of about 30 species of [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]], native to [[Asia]] and northeastern [[Europe]].
==Taxonomy==
[[Image:IMG 2967.JPG|thumb|200px|left| ]]
The genus once included many more species, but was split several decades ago into several genera; the naming of the genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 1999 has resulted in the defining species of the genus being changed to ''Chrysanthemum indicum'', thereby restoring the economically important florist's chrysanthemum to the genus ''Chrysanthemum''. These species were, after the splitting of the genus but before the ICBN ruling, commonly treated under the genus name ''Dendranthema''.
The other species previously treated in the narrow view of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'' are now transferred to the genus ''[[Glebionis]]''. The other genera split off from ''Chrysanthemum'' include ''[[Argyranthemum]]'', ''[[Leucanthemopsis]]'', ''[[Leucanthemum]]'', ''[[Rhodanthemum]]'', and ''[[Tanacetum]]''.
The species of ''Chrysanthemum'' are [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s growing to 50–150 cm tall, with deeply lobed leaves and large flowerheads, white, yellow or pink in the wild species.
''Chrysanthemum'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species — see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Chrysanthemum]].
Today’s flowers are not as bright or large as ‘show’ varieties.
== History ==
[[Image:Red mums.jpg|left|thumb|Cultivated chrysanthemums can be yellow, white, or even bright red, such as these.]]
Chrysanthemums were cultivated in [[China]] as a flowering [[herb]] as far back as the [[15th century BC]]. An ancient Chinese city was named [[Ju-Xian]], meaning "chrysanthemum city". The flower was introduced into [[Japan]] probably in the [[8th century|8th century AD]], and the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] adopted the flower as his [[Imperial Seal of Japan|official seal]]. There is a "Festival of Happiness" in Japan that celebrates the flower.
The flower was brought to Europe in the [[17th century]]. [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] named it from the [[Greek language|Greek]] prefix ''chrys-'', which means golden (the colour of the original flowers), and ''-anthemon'', meaning flower.<br clear=left>
== Economic uses ==
=== Ornamental uses ===
Modern chrysanthemums are much more showy than their wild rel
atives. The [[flower]]s occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons or buttons. This genus contains many [[hybrid]]s and thousands of [[cultivar]]s developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colours are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is ''Chrysanthemum × morifolium'' (syn. ''C. × grandiflorum''), derived primarily from ''C. indicum'' but also involving other species.
[[Image:Chrysanthemum Bunch Closeup 3264px.jpg|right|thumb|A closeup of the flowers]]
Chrysanthemum leaves resemble its close cousin, the mugwort weed — so much so that mugwort is sometimes called wild chrysanthemum — making them not always the first choice for professional gardeners.
Chrysanthemums make a welcome addition to the garden, in particular because their late flowering offers advantages when the other garden plants are winding down for winter. Outdoor flowering chrysanthemums will need protection from hard frosts.
=== Culinary uses ===
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as "[[chrysanthemum tea]]" ([[wiktionary:菊|菊]][[wiktionary:花|花]][[wiktionary:茶|茶]], pinyin: juhua cha, in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]). Chrysanthemum tea has many medicinal uses, including an aid in recovery from [[influenza]]. In Korea, a [[Korean wine#Flower wines|rice wine]] flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called ''gukhwaju'' (국화주).<sup>[http://www.at.or.kr/ICSFiles/afieldfile/2006/03/18/63_450.jpg photo 1]</sup><sup>[http://www.khan.co.kr/images/2005/09/07/5i0835a.jpg photo 2]</sup>
=== Insecticidal uses ===
[[Image:Zoo19feb (1).jpg||right|thumb|Chrysanthemum coronarium in the [[Tel Aviv]] [[botanical garden]]]]
[[Pyrethrum]] (''Chrysanthemum ''[or'' [[Tanacetum]]'']'' cinerariaefolium'') is economically important as a natural source of [[insecticide]]. The flowers are pulverized and the active components called [[pyrethrin]]s, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an [[oleoresin]]. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all [[insect]]s, and inhibit female [[mosquito]]es from biting. When not present in amounts fatal to insects, they still appear to have an [[insect repellent]] effect. They are harmful to [[fish]], but are far less toxic to [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s than many synthetic insecticides and are non-persistent, being [[biodegradation|biodegradable]] and also [[Chemical decomposition|breaking down]] easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around [[food]]. ([[Pyrethroid]]s are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum, e.g., [[permethrin]].)
==Cultural significance and symbolism==
In some countries of [[Europe]], [[Korea]] and in [[Japan]], white chrysanthemums are symbolic of [[death]] and are only used for funerals or on graves. In China, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation, while in some other countries, of honesty.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the [[United States]], the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*The [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 菊花紋章, ''kikukamonshō'' or ''kikkamonshō'') is the name given to the position of [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese emperor]]. The chrysanthemum (菊 ''kiku'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) is the [[Mon (badge)|monshō]] ("badge" or "crest") of the emperor of Japan, and therefore the flower represents the emperor and [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial House]]. The term ''kikukamonshō'' literally means the "[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Chrysanthemum Crest]]" (Imperial Seal).
*The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four [[Junzi]] Flowers" ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) of [[Chinese culture|China]] (the others being [[ume]], [[orchid]], and [[bamboo]]), known in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as '''jú''' ({{lang|zh|菊}}). The jú is said to have been favored by [[Tao Qian]], an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobleness.
*The chrysanthemum is the flower of the American musician fraternity [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]].
*The white chrysanthemum is the flower of Triangle Fraternity, a society of engineers, architects, and scientists.
*Chrysanthemums were recognized as the official flower of the city of [[Chicago]] in 1966.[http://www.falconliving.com/chicago-real-estate-news/2006/08/chrysanthemum-official-flower-of.html]
*The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of [[firework]] shell that produces a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum flower. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.[http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.html]
[[Image:Maroon Mums.jpg|thumb|left|225px|]]
*A Chrysanthemum Festival is held each year in [[Tongxiang]], near [[Hangzhou]], China.[http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:HrHVRepbXjAJ:www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp%3Fm_id%3D561+tongxiang+chrysanthemum&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us]
*The "golden flower" referred to in the 2007 movie [[Curse of the Golden Flower]] is a chrysanthemum.
*Chrysanthemums are common visual [[hallucinations]] induced by the psychoactive [[Dimethyltryptamine]][http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=46856]
==See also==
{{Commons|Chrysanthemum}}
{{Wikispecies|Chrysanthemum}}
*[[Chrysanthemum tea]]
*[[Garland chrysanthemum]]
*[[Daisy]]
*[[Chrysanthemum Throne]]
*[[Persian powder]]
*[[Pyrethrin]]s, natural compounds
*[[Pyrethroid]]s, synthetic versions
[http://www.myspace.com/chrysanthemumsound chrysanthemum (musical group)]
==References and external links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Chrysanthemum'']
*[http://www.allartclassic.com/subj_pictures_zoom.php?id_subjects=6&p_number=26&p=&number=CEP028&forder=1&stt=6&pname=Paul_Cezanne_CEP028 Painting of Chrysanthemums]
*[http://www.homegardenguides.com/wiki/Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum Gardening] and care
*[http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htm ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down for ''Chrysanthemum'')]<!--make this a reference-->
[[Category:Asteraceae]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Chinese gardening styles]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
