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| | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| | + | | latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name --> |
| | + | | common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank --> |
| | + | | growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc --> |
| | + | | high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc --> |
| | + | | exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) --> |
| | + | | water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak --> |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | image = Pinus pinaster.jpg |
| | + | | image_width = 180px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | + | | image_caption = Maritime Pine (''Pinus pinaster'') |
| | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| | + | | divisio = Pinophyta |
| | + | | classis = Pinopsida |
| | + | | ordo = Pinales |
| | + | | familia = Pinaceae |
| | + | | genus = Pinus |
| | + | }} |
| | {{Inc| | | {{Inc| |
| | Pine. What the apple is among the fruits, what the oak is among the broad- leaved trees of the temperate zone, the pines represent among the conifers, excelling all other genera in this most important family in number of species, in fields of distribution, in extent of area occupied, in usefulness and importance to the human race. No other trees of the temperate zone have contributed so much to the building up of civilization, and no other, it may be predicted, will continue longer to fill | | Pine. What the apple is among the fruits, what the oak is among the broad- leaved trees of the temperate zone, the pines represent among the conifers, excelling all other genera in this most important family in number of species, in fields of distribution, in extent of area occupied, in usefulness and importance to the human race. No other trees of the temperate zone have contributed so much to the building up of civilization, and no other, it may be predicted, will continue longer to fill |
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| | For richness, fulness, and vigor of foliage, the red pine (P. resinosa) outranks even the much-planted more somber Austrian pine, and for interest in development nothing can compete with the longleaf pine (P. palustris). With its needles, which in young specimens exceed a foot in length, surrounding in dense graceful tufts the big silvery buds at the tip of the candelabra-like branches. P. palustris offers a most striking appearance. Unfortunately, it is not adapted for planting north of 32°. | | For richness, fulness, and vigor of foliage, the red pine (P. resinosa) outranks even the much-planted more somber Austrian pine, and for interest in development nothing can compete with the longleaf pine (P. palustris). With its needles, which in young specimens exceed a foot in length, surrounding in dense graceful tufts the big silvery buds at the tip of the candelabra-like branches. P. palustris offers a most striking appearance. Unfortunately, it is not adapted for planting north of 32°. |
| | | | |
| − | The thin, grayish, short foliage of the frugal Bank- sian pine and of several other of the scrub pines, and the stouter, also grayish, foliage of the Scotch pine, make a pleasing color contrast against the somber dark background of spruces and firs, while the short stiff needles of the nut pine, P. edulis, and the interesting one-needle pine (P. monophylla) resemble the spruce foliage. Color of bark varying in species from silvery gray through red and yellow tints to almost black, and character or size of cones from the diminutive globose forms of P. contorta to the long pendulous cones of the sugar | + | The thin, grayish, short foliage of the frugal Bank- sian pine and of several other of the scrub pines, and the stouter, also grayish, foliage of the Scotch pine, make a pleasing color contrast against the somber dark background of spruces and firs, while the short stiff needles of the nut pine, P. edulis, and the interesting one-needle pine (P. monophylla) resemble the spruce foliage. Color of bark varying in species from silvery gray through red and yellow tints to almost black, and character or size of cones from the diminutive globose forms of P. contorta to the long pendulous cones of the sugar pine, 2 feet in length, and the hooked, ponderous cones of P. Torreyana and P. Sabiniana, may also influence choice of material. |
| | + | |
| | + | With wide range of distribution and hence adaptiveness as far as climate is concerned, we have the short- leaf pine (P. echinata), which is found from Massachusetts to Texas, and in the West the bull pine (P. ponderosa), which ranges from the moist Pacific Coast in Washington to the dry slopes of Arizona. In Europe, the Scotch pine comes nearest to such wide distribution. Besides the native northern species, there have been found hardy in the northeastern states the Scotch and Austrian pines, P. Bungeana, P. Cembra, P. koraiensis, P. montana, P. Thunbergii, while the Mexican pines and those of southern Asia will endure only the light frosts of the southern states. Yet in the parks of Washington, D. C., the following pines are to be found: P. Strobus, P. Cembra, P. excelsa, P. Lambertiana, P. Ayacahuite, P. koraiensis, P. palustris, P. Taeda, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. nigra, P. glabra, P. virginiana, P. echinata, P. montana, P. Pinaster, P. edulis, P. pungens, P. sylveslris, P. Massoniana; and the probability is that most of the other species could find a place there to live if not to thrive. |
| | + | |
| | + | The pines are essentially inhabitants of the poor sandy soils and dry situations, their stout root-system enabling them to seek the scanty water-supplies where other species find it difficult. Some, like the white pine, are adapted to a variety of soil conditions, but only a few can endure a surplus of water: P. resinosa will follow the white cedar into the swamp and thrive there as well as with the Banksian pine on the poorest gravels; P. rigida is at home both in wet and dry places; the Scotch pine of the Baltic sand plains may be found in the peat-bogs, but only eking out a miserable existence, while P. Taeda, the old field pine, makes magnificent trees in the southern swamp, and with its slow growth under such conditions an excellent timber. P. contorta and P. serotina also are indifferent to water conditions at the root; so is the Cuban pine, but P. palustris belies its name, for it is only very rarely found in poorly drained places and does not thrive there. |
| | + | |
| | + | The propagation of pines does not offer any difficulties. The seed usually has a high germination percentage in most species if kept dry and cool, and it retains vitality for several years, deteriorating of course somewhat from year to year. To avoid deterioration hi transoceanic shipments, packing in charcoal dust has been found very serviceable. While most of the pine seeds sprout readily, the white pine, with some others, has the bad habit of lying over for one year in part, unless treated to a hot-water bath for twenty-four hours before sowing; or perhaps by sowing in autumn immediately after coming out of the cone, which is during the first two weeks of September. The seeds should be sown in light mold early, rather thinly to permit a good root-system to develop, covering them thinly according to size of seed, not over 1/4 inch, which is best done by sifting sand over the seed with a sieve. During the first year special care is necessary to regulate the water-supply and transpiration for the young seedlings; they need to be kept humid, not wet, but resent drought as much as a surfeit; and especially sudden changes from drought to wet are likely to produce "damping-off." To prevent too rapid transpiration, the familiar lath screens should be applied. |
| | + | |
| | + | To prevent the formation of excessively long taproots which some species form, mechanical means may be adopted; but the best plan is to manure near the surface, so that fibrous roots will be formed. Such manure consists of one-third steamed bone-meal and two-thirds ammonia superphosphate. Root- pruning and transplanting in nursery rows when one or two years old is practised to secure a stocky root-system. In Germany one-year-old Scotch pines are planted by the million for forest purposes, but for ornamental purposes older plants are to be used; yet it is safest not to use them older than three or four years for permanent situations. In the third year usually the first branching occurs, indicating that the root-system is now well established. |
| | + | |
| | + | In transplanting, the utmost care must be taken not to expose the roots to drying influences, a thin loam puddle answering best to keep them moist. While transplanting can be done at any time of the year, it is safest to do so in early spring, except when a droughty season is likely to follow, in which case fall planting is to be preferred. |
| | | | |
| | + | A large number of nurserymen's varieties, dwarf and pendulous, varicolored, and the like, have been developed, especially from P. sylvestris and P. Strobus. The most interesting freaks perhaps are those bushy forms derived from P. canariensis and P. Pinea produced by layering, in which single needles instead of the usual bundles of two in one sheath are produced, imitating the primary single needles of seedlings. The manner in which nurserymen's varieties are propagated by grafts or cuttings is discussed under Pinus. |
| | | | |
| − | ...235.... | + | According to the nature of the pines, if there is choice of location possible, the well-drained situations, even dry ones, should be reserved for them. They belong, with few exceptions, to the hilltops not the bottoms, to the sands not clay soils, and will stand southern exposures better than the spruces. |
| | | | |
| − | pine, 2 feet in length, and the hooked, ponderous cones of P. Torreyana and P. Sabiniana, may also influence choice of material.
| + | Pines are frugal by nature, and can stand poverty better than surfeit,—nevertheless they respond best to medium conditions, namely, a mellow surface and well- drained deep loamy sand, not too rich in organic matter and loose enough to permit the natural development of the heavy tap-root system. Under such conditions, the peculiar rich foliage gives most satisfaction and the rank luxuriant growth which leads to poor form is checked; disease from fungi is obviated; the cottony scale (almost the only enemy of the white pine) is more readily fought, and injuries from caterpillars and beetles are more easily repaired. Two enemies of the white pine have developed which require attention. The one, a fungous disease, seems to be an importation from Germany, the white pine blister rust (Peridermium strobi), which attacks young trees and young foliage of the white pine tribe. It needs gooseberry and currant as intermediary host plants. The other pest is the white pine weevil, which works in the young shoots and disfigures the tree by inducing repeatedly new leaders to develop. |
| | | | |
| − | With wide range of distribution and hence adaptiveness as far as climate is concerned, we have the short- leaf pine (P. echinata), which is found from Massachusetts to Texas, and in the West the bull pine (P. ponderosa), which ranges from the moist Pacific Coast in Washington to the dry slopes of Arizona. In Europe, the Scotch pine comes nearest to such wide distribution. Besides the native northern species, there have been found hardy in the northeastern states the Scotch and Austrian pines, P. Bungeana, P. Cembra, P. koraiensis, P. montana, P. Thunbergii, while the Mexican pines and those of southern Asia will endure only the light frosts of the southern states. Yet in the parks of Washington, D. C., the following pines are to be found: P. Strobus, P. Cembra, P. excelsa, P. Lambertiana, P. Ayacahuite, P. koraiensis, P. palustris, P. Taeda, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. nigra, P. glabra, P. virginiana, P. echinata, P. montana, P. Pinaster, P. edulis, P. pungens, P. sylveslris, P. Massoniana; and the probability is that most of the other species could find a place there to live if not to thrive.
| + | To prune evergreens, and especially pines, requires an artist, or else the result will be malformation: the best plan is to correct form by breaking out the center bud from such shoots as project beyond proper limits; thereby also a more compact growth is induced, which in the pines with their open habit is desirable. If it becomes necessary to prune the branches, the cut must remove also the bolster at the base of the branch; the resinous exudation will prevent decay, and the cambium soon covers the scar if the cut has been made properly. For hedge planting the pines furnish no specially desirable material, being' light-needing and therefore thinning out soon in the interior; yet the white pine will stand as a hedge for a considerable time and also the dwarf P. montana. Perhaps some others may answer the purpose. |
| | + | {{SCH}} |
| | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | ==Cultivation== |
| | + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| | + | |
| | + | ===Propagation=== |
| | + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| | + | |
| | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| | + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| | + | |
| | + | ==Species== |
| | + | There are about 115 [[species]] of pine, although different authors accept anything from 105 to 125 species{{wp}}. |
| | + | |
| | + | Pines are divided into three subgenera, based on cone, seed and leaf characters{{wp}}: |
| | + | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' (white or soft pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo terminal. Seedwings adnate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf{{wp}}. |
| | + | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' (pinyon, lacebark and bristlecone pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf{{wp}}. |
| | + | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' (yellow or hard pines). Cone scale with a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. Two fibrovascular bundles per leaf{{wp}}. |
| | | | |
| | + | {{Inc| |
| | The list of species hardy in the Arnold Arboretum (Boston) comprises the following: | | The list of species hardy in the Arnold Arboretum (Boston) comprises the following: |
| | | | |
| − | 1. Thriving wett.
| + | 1. Thriving wett. |
| | | | |
| | Banksiana. Lambertiana. resinosa. | | Banksiana. Lambertiana. resinosa. |
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| | For seaside planting, P. rigida has shown itself most fit, and of foreigners in proper climate, P. Pinaster and P. halepensis, while P. contorta on the northwest coast and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are the seacoast trees par excellence. | | For seaside planting, P. rigida has shown itself most fit, and of foreigners in proper climate, P. Pinaster and P. halepensis, while P. contorta on the northwest coast and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are the seacoast trees par excellence. |
| − | | + | {{SCH}} |
| − | The pines are essentially inhabitants of the poor sandy soils and dry situations, their stout root-system enabling them to seek the scanty water-supplies where other species find it difficult. Some, like the white pine, are adapted to a variety of soil conditions, but only a few can endure a surplus of water: P. resinosa will follow the white cedar into the swamp and thrive there as well as with the Banksian pine on the poorest gravels; P. rigida is at home both in wet and dry places; the Scotch pine of the Baltic sand plains may be found in the peat-bogs, but only eking out a miserable existence, while P. Taeda, the old field pine, makes magnificent trees in the southern swamp, and with its slow growth under such conditions an excellent timber. P. contorta and P. serotina also are indifferent to water conditions at the root; so is the Cuban pine, but P. palustris belies its name, for it is only very rarely found in poorly drained places and does not thrive there.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The propagation of pines does not offer any difficulties. The seed usually has a high germination percentage in most species if kept dry and cool, and it retains vitality for several years, deteriorating of course somewhat from year to year. To avoid deterioration hi transoceanic shipments, packing in charcoal dust has been found very serviceable. While most of the pine seeds sprout readily, the white pine, with some others, has the bad habit of lying over for one year in part, unless treated to a hot-water bath for twenty-four hours before sowing; or perhaps by sowing in autumn immediately after coming out of the cone, which is during the first two weeks of September. The seeds should be sown in light mold early, rather thinly to permit a good root-system to develop, covering them thinly according to size of seed, not over 1/4 inch, which is best done by sifting sand over the seed with a sieve. During the first year special care is necessary to regulate the water-supply and transpiration for the young seedlings; they need to be kept humid, not wet, but resent drought as much as a surfeit; and especially sudden changes from drought to wet are likely to produce "damping-off." To prevent too rapid transpiration, the familiar lath screens should be applied.
| |
| − | | |
| − | To prevent the formation of excessively long taproots which some species form, mechanical means may be adopted; but the best plan is to manure near the surface, so that fibrous roots will be formed. Such manure consists of one-third steamed bone-meal and two-thirds ammonia superphosphate. Root- pruning and transplanting in nursery rows when one or two years old is practised to secure a stocky root-system. In Germany one-year-old Scotch pines are planted by the million for forest purposes, but for ornamental purposes older plants are to be used; yet it is safest not to use them older than three or four years for permanent situations. In the third year usually the first branching occurs, indicating that the root-system is now well established.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In transplanting, the utmost care must be taken not to expose the roots to drying influences, a thin loam puddle answering best to keep them moist. While transplanting can be done at any time of the year, it is safest to do so in early spring, except when a droughty season is likely to follow, in which case fall planting is to be preferred.
| |
| − | | |
| − | A large number of nurserymen's varieties, dwarf and pendulous, varicolored, and the like, have been developed, especially from P. sylvestris and P. Strobus. The most interesting freaks perhaps are those bushy forms derived from P. canariensis and P. Pinea produced by layering, in which single needles instead of the usual bundles of two in one sheath are produced, imitating the primary single needles of seedlings. The manner in which nurserymen's varieties are propagated by grafts or cuttings is discussed under Pinus.
| |
| − | | |
| − | According to the nature of the pines, if there is choice of location possible, the well-drained situations, even dry ones, should be reserved for them. They belong, with few exceptions, to the hilltops not the bottoms, to the sands not clay soils, and will stand southern exposures better than the spruces.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Pines are frugal by nature, and can stand poverty better than surfeit,—nevertheless they respond best to medium conditions, namely, a mellow surface and well- drained deep loamy sand, not too rich in organic matter and loose enough to permit the natural development of the heavy tap-root system. Under such conditions, the peculiar rich foliage gives most satisfaction and the rank luxuriant growth which leads to poor form is checked; disease from fungi is obviated; the cottony scale (almost the only enemy of the white pine) is more readily fought, and injuries from caterpillars and beetles are more easily repaired. Lately,
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ...236....
| |
| − | | |
| − | two enemies of the white pine have developed which require attention. The one, a fungous disease, seems to be an importation from Germany, the white pine blister rust (Peridermium strobi), which attacks young trees and young foliage of the white pine tribe. It needs gooseberry and currant as intermediary host plants. The other pest is the white pine weevil, which works in the young shoots and disfigures the tree by inducing repeatedly new leaders to develop.
| |
| − | | |
| − | To prune evergreens, and especially pines, requires an artist, or else the result will be malformation: the best plan is to correct form by breaking out the center bud from such shoots as project beyond proper limits; thereby also a more compact growth is induced, which in the pines with their open habit is desirable. If it becomes necessary to prune the branches, the cut must remove also the bolster at the base of the branch; the resinous exudation will prevent decay, and the cambium soon covers the scar if the cut has been made properly. For hedge planting the pines furnish no specially desirable material, being' light-needing and therefore thinning out soon in the interior; yet the white pine will stand as a hedge for a considerbale time and also the dwarf P. montana. Perhaps some others may answer the purpose.
| |
| − | For the botany of the pines, see Pinus.
| |
| − | | |
| − | B. E. FERNOW.
| |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| − | {{otheruses}}
| + | ==Gallery== |
| − | {{Taxobox
| + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
| − | | color = lightgreen
| |
| − | | name = Pine
| |
| − | | image = Pinus pinaster.jpg
| |
| − | | image_width = 250px
| |
| − | | image_caption = Maritime Pine (''Pinus pinaster'')
| |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| |
| − | | divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| |
| − | | classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| |
| − | | ordo = [[Pinales]]
| |
| − | | familia = [[Pinaceae]]
| |
| − | | genus = '''''Pinus'''''
| |
| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| |
| − | | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| |
| − | | subdivision =
| |
| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]''
| |
| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]''
| |
| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]''
| |
| − | See '''[[Pinus classification]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographical distribution.
| |
| − | }} | |
| | | | |
| − | A '''pine''' is a [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]] in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''', in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pinaceae]]. They make up the [[monotypic]] [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. There are about 115 [[species]] of pine, although different authors accept anything from 105 to 125 species.
| + | <gallery> |
| | + | Image:Pinus pinea.jpg|Juvenile (left) and adult foliage of [[Stone Pine]] (''Pinus pinea''); note dark brown scale leaves as well as needles on adult shoot |
| | + | Image:Pineflower9538.jpg|[[Loblolly Pine]] (''Pinus taeda''): male cones |
| | + | Image:Pine cone edit.jpg|A fully mature [[Monterey Pine]] cone on the forest floor. |
| | + | Image:Dead pines.jpg|[[Mountain pine beetle]]s killed these [[Lodgepole Pine]]s in [[Prince George, British Columbia]]. |
| | + | Image:Young pine trees.jpg|Commercial planting of young Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) |
| | + | Image:umbrella.pine.in.rome.arp.jpg|[[Stone Pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' |
| | + | </gallery> |
| | | | |
| − | ==Distribution== | + | ==References== |
| − | Pines are native to most of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. In [[Eurasia]], they range from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Scotland]] east to the [[Russia|Russian Far East]], and the [[Philippines]], north to just over 70°N in [[Norway]] ([[Scots Pine]]) and eastern [[Siberia]] ([[Siberian Dwarf Pine]]), and south to northernmost [[Africa]], the [[Himalaya]] and [[Southeast Asia]], with one species ([[Sumatran Pine]]) just crossing the [[Equator]] in [[Sumatra]] to 2°S. In [[North America]], they range from 66°N in [[Canada]] ([[Jack Pine]]) south to 12°N in [[Nicaragua]] ([[Caribbean Pine]]). The highest diversity in the genus occurs in [[Mexico]] and [[California]].
| + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| − | | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | Pines have been introduced in subtropical and temperate portions of the [[Southern Hemisphere]], including [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]], where they are grown widely as a source of timber, and some are becoming [[invasive species]].
| + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| − | ==Morphology==
| |
| − | [[Image:Pinus pinea.jpg|thumb|left|Juvenile (left) and adult foliage of [[Stone Pine]] (''Pinus pinea''); note dark brown scale leaves as well as needles on adult shoot]]
| |
| − | Pines are [[evergreen]] and [[resin]]ous [[tree]]s (rarely [[shrub]]s) growing to 3–80 m tall, with the majority of species reaching between 15-45 m tall. The smallest are [[Siberian Dwarf Pine]] and [[Potosi Pinyon]], and the tallest, [[Sugar Pine]]. Pines are long-lived, typically reaching ages of 100–1,000 years, and some even longer; the longest-lived is [[Great Basin Bristlecone Pine]], where one individual at 4,839 years (2007) is the [[List of long-living organisms|oldest living organism]] in the world.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudowhorls", actually a very tight [[spiral]] but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are ''uninodal'', producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem|shoot]], but others are ''multinodal'', producing two or more whorls of branches per year. The spiral growth of branches, needles and cone scales are arranged in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer [[forester]]s a means to evaluate [[fertility]] of the soil and vigour of the trees. | |
| − | | |
| − | ===Foliage===
| |
| − | Pines have four types of [[leaf|leaves]]:
| |
| − | #''Seed leaves'' ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings, borne in a whorl of 4-24.
| |
| − | #''Juvenile leaves'', which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2-6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer (and also produced later in life after injury in some pines).
| |
| − | #''Scale leaves'', similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.
| |
| − | #''Needles'', the adult leaves, which are green ([[photosynthetic]]), bundled in clusters (''fascicles'') of (1-) 2-5 (-6) needles together, each fascicle produced from a small [[bud]] on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5-40 years, depending on species. If a shoot is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a bud which can then replace the lost growth.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Cones===
| |
| − | [[Image:Pineflower9538.jpg|left|thumb|[[Loblolly Pine]] (''Pinus taeda''): male cones]]
| |
| − | [[Image:Pine cone edit.jpg|right|thumb|A fully mature [[Monterey Pine]] cone on the forest floor.]]
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| − | Pines are mostly [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]], having the male and female [[Conifer cone|cones]] on the same tree, though a few species are [[Plant sexuality|sub-dioecious]] with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. The male cones are small, typically 1-5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their [[pollen]]. The female cones take 1.5-3 years (depending on species) to mature after [[pollination]], with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the cones are 3-60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are [[bird]]-dispersed (see below). At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. [[Whitebark Pine]]), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the ''fire climax pines'' (e.g. [[Monterey Pine]], [[Pond Pine]]), the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire kills the parent tree; the cones are also opened by the heat and the stored seeds are then released in huge numbers to re-populate the burnt ground.
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| − | ==Classification==
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| − | Pines are divided into three subgenera, based on cone, seed and leaf characters:
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| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' (white or soft pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo terminal. Seedwings adnate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf.
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| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' (pinyon, lacebark and bristlecone pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf.
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| − | * Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' (yellow or hard pines). Cone scale with a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. Two fibrovascular bundles per leaf.
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| − | ==Ecology==
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| − | [[Image:Dead pines.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mountain pine beetle]]s killed these [[Lodgepole Pine]]s in [[Prince George, British Columbia]].]]
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| − | Pines grow well in acid [[soil]]s, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few, e.g. [[Lodgepole Pine]], will tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires, e.g. [[Canary Island Pine]]. Some species of pines, e.g. [[Bishop Pine]], need fire to regenerate and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimes. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude; see e.g. [[Siberian Dwarf Pine]], [[Mountain Pine]], [[Whitebark Pine]] and the [[bristlecone pine]]s. The [[pinyon pine]]s and a number of others, notably [[Turkish Pine]], are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert|semi-desert]] climates.
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| − | The [[seed]]s are commonly eaten by [[bird]]s and [[squirrel]]s. Some birds, notably the [[Spotted Nutcracker]], [[Clark's Nutcracker]] and [[Pinyon Jay]], are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas where they can grow. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some [[Lepidoptera]] species (see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Pines]]) and also the [[Symphyta]]n species [[Pine Sawfly]].
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| − | ==Uses== | + | ==External links== |
| − | [[Image:Young pine trees.jpg|thumb|Commercial planting of young Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)]]
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| − | Pines are commercially among the most important of species used for [[timber]] and [[wood pulp]] in temperate and tropical regions of the world. This is because they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that can be planted in relatively dense stands, and because their acidic decaying needles may inhibit the growth of other competing plants in the cropping areas. Commercial pine crops are grown in [[plantation]]s.
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| − | The [[resin]] of some species is important as the source of [[turpentine]]. See also [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]].
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| − | Many pines are also very attractive ornamental trees planted in [[park]]s and large [[garden]]s. A large number of dwarf [[cultivar]]s have been selected, suitable for planting in smaller gardens. Some pines are also used for [[Christmas tree]]s, and pine cones are also widely used for Christmas decorations. Pine trees are also noted for their pleasant smell.
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| − | Pine needles serve as food for various [[Lepidoptera]]. See [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Pines]].
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| − | ===Food uses===
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| − | [[Image:umbrella.pine.in.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stone Pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' in a [[Rome]] ([[Italy]]) street]]
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| − | {{main|Pine nut}}
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| − | Some species have large [[seed]]s, called [[pine nut]]s, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking.
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| − | The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) found clinging to the woody outer [[bark]] is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]]. It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as a thickener in stews, soups, and other foods{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as "tallstrunt" in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C as well.
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| − | ==Etymology==
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| − | The modern [[English language|English]] name ''pine'' derives from [[Latin]] ''Pinus'' by way of [[French language|French]] ''pin''; similar names are used in other [[Romance languages]]. In the past (pre-19th century) they were often known as ''fir'', from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fyrre'', by way of [[Middle English]] ''firre''. The Old Norse name is still used for pines in some modern north European languages, in [[Danish language|Danish]], ''fyr'', in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], ''furu'', and ''Föhre'' in [[German language|German]], but in modern English, "fir" is now restricted to [[Fir]] (''Abies'') and ''[[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga'').
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Commons|Pinus}}
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| − | {{refbegin}}
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| − | * Farjon, A. 1984, 2nd edition 2005. ''Pines''. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8
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| − | * Little, E. L., Jr., and Critchfield, W. B. 1969. ''Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines)''. US Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144).
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| − | * Richardson, D. M. (ed.). 1998. ''Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5
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| − | * Mirov, N. T. 1967. ''The Genus Pinus''. Ronald Press, New York (out of print).
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| − | * [http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm Classification of pines] | |
| − | * [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Pinus]
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| − | {{refend}} | |
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| − | {{Pinaceae}} | + | {{stub}} |
| | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
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| − | [[Category:Pinaceae]]
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