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| latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
| latin_name = ''Pinus''
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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To prune evergreens, and especially pines, requires an artist, or else the result will be malformation: the best plan is to correct form by breaking out the center bud from such shoots as project beyond proper limits; thereby also a more compact growth is induced, which in the pines with their open habit is desirable. If it becomes necessary to prune the branches, the cut must remove also the bolster at the base of the branch; the resinous exudation will prevent decay, and the cambium soon covers the scar if the cut has been made properly. For hedge planting the pines furnish no specially desirable material, being' light-needing and therefore thinning out soon in the interior; yet the white pine will stand as a hedge for a considerable time and also the dwarf P. montana. Perhaps some others may answer the purpose.
To prune evergreens, and especially pines, requires an artist, or else the result will be malformation: the best plan is to correct form by breaking out the center bud from such shoots as project beyond proper limits; thereby also a more compact growth is induced, which in the pines with their open habit is desirable. If it becomes necessary to prune the branches, the cut must remove also the bolster at the base of the branch; the resinous exudation will prevent decay, and the cambium soon covers the scar if the cut has been made properly. For hedge planting the pines furnish no specially desirable material, being' light-needing and therefore thinning out soon in the interior; yet the white pine will stand as a hedge for a considerable time and also the dwarf P. montana. Perhaps some others may answer the purpose.
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Pinus (ancient Latin name). Pinaceae. Pine. Pine- Tree. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome evergreen foliage and symmetrical or picturesque habit, some also for their conspicuous large cones; many species are valuable timber trees.
Resinous evergreen trees with usually whorled branches, rarely shrubby: winter buds covered with imbricate scales: lvs. of 2 kinds; the primary lvs. are spirally arranged and as they appear on young seedling plants and occasionally on shoots from the old wood, are green and subulate, but commonly they are reduced to small scarious bracts bearing in their axils the acicular, semi-terete or triangular secondary lvs. borne on an undeveloped branchlet in clusters from 2-5, or occasionally more, rarely reduced to 1, surrounded at the base by sheaths of 8-12 bud-scales: fls. monoecious; the staminate ones axillary, clustered at the base of the young shoots, catkin-like, yellow, orange, or scarlet, composed of spirally arranged numerous 2-celled anthers with the connective enlarged and scale-like at the apex (Fig. 2956); pistillate lateral or subterminal, greenish or purplish, consisting of numerous spirally arranged scales each in the axil of a small bract and bearing 2 ovules inside near the base (Fig. 2957): cone subglobose to cylindric, with woody scales closely appressed before maturity and tightly inclosing the seeds, which are usually furnished with a long thin wing, but in some species are wingless or short-winged; the apex of the scales is usually more or less thickened and the exposed part, which is usually rhombic in outline and termed apophysis, is often protracted into prominent bosses or knobs; the apophysis is terminated by the umbo, usually differing in color and ending mostly in a spine or prickle. In P. Strobus and the allied species the apophysis is flat and thin, and bears the spineless umbo at the upper end, while in most other pines the apophysis is thickened and transversally keeled and bears the umbo in the middle. These differences belong to the most important characters in the grouping of the species: other valuable characters are furnished by the structure of the lvs., which contain either 1 or 2 fibro- vascular bundles and usually 2 or more resin-ducts, being either external (or peripheral), i.e., situated beneath the epidermis; or medial (or parenchymatous), i.e., inclosed by the tissue of the lf.; or internal, i.e., close to the fibro-vascular bundles; some species, as P. Armandi, P. resinosa, P. sinensis, also P. excelsa, P. Lambertiana, P. virginiana, and the like, have resin-ducts in 2 positions, either external and medial or internal and medial, but such combinations are not found in all the lvs. of these species. Strengthening cells, i.e., cells with thickened walls, are mostly present beneath the epidermis and often surround the resin- ducts, sometimes also along the fibro-vascular bundles. (See Figs. 2958-2961.) The number of the fibro-vascular bundles and the position of the resin-ducts can be readily seen with a common magnifying glass in thin cross-sections made with a sharp razor from the middle of the lf. and placed on a glass plate.—About 80 species are known, distributed throughout the northern hemisphere from the arctic circle to Mex. and the W. Indies. N. Afr., and the Malayan Archipelago; in the tropical and subtropical regions they are confined to the mountains. In the following enumeration the species are grouped according to Shaw's classification. To facilitate the determination of the cult, species, a key is given to determine plants without cones, but owing to the great variability in pines this key may fail, if the plant in hand represents some uncommon variation. Good illustrations are found in Sargent, Silva of N. America, vol. 11; Lambert, Description of the Genus Pinus; Lawson, Pinetum Britannicum; Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense; Antoine, Die Coniferen: Clinton-Baker, Illustrations of Conifers, vol. I; Parde, Iconographie des Coniferes (in course of publication). For the horti- cultural varieties, see Beissner, Nadelholzkunde, second edition (1909), and the new edition by A. H. Kent of Veitch's Manual of the Coniferae. Among other important works may be mentioned E. A. Carriere's Traite general des Coniferes, second edition, 1867; Heinrich Mayr's Die Waldungen von Nordamerika, 1890; G. Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus, in Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, published in 1880; Maxwell T. Masters in Journal of the Linnean Society, vols. 22 (1886) and 27 (1889); Conifer Conference in Journal Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 14 (1892); Silva Tarouca's Unsere Freiland-Nadel- holzer (1913); G.R. Shaw's The Pines of Mexico (1909) and The Genus Pinus (1914), both well illustrated.
Leaf with two fibro-vascular bundles (a); several medial resin- ducts (b); strengthening cells (c) around the resin-ducts, several layers beneath the epidermis and along the inner and outer side of the fibro-vascular bundles; stomata (d) all around.
The pines are usually tall trees, rarely shrubby, with spreading branches forming a pyramidal or round- topped, in old age often very picturesque head, and clothed with acicular leaves in clusters of 2-5, rarely solitary. The flowers are catkin-like, appearing in spring, the staminate yellow or purple, often conspicuous by their abundance, and the pistillate greenish or purplish, developing into subglobose to cylindric, usually brown cones, which sometimes attain 18 or more inches in length, ripening mostly not before the second or rarely the third year. The pines are among the most important timber trees of the northern hemisphere, and many of them are valuable for the decoration of parks and gardens.
Young pines are with few exceptions of more or less regular, pyramidal habit; but in old age they are often very picturesque, especially P. Strobus, P. radiata, P, rigida, P. Pinea, P. Cembra, P. nigra, P. parviflora, and others. Of very graceful habit, with slender branches and more or less drooping foliage, are P. excelsa, and the tender P. Ayacahuite, P. longifolia, and P. canariensis. The very large cones of some species, as P. Lam- bertiana, P. Ayacahuite., P. Sabiniana, and P. Coulteri, are a conspicuous ornament. Most species are of vigorous growth when young, but the foreign species usually grow rather slowly and are therefore well suited for smaller gardens, especially P. koraiensis, P. Peuce, P. Bungeana, P. parviflora; the American P. aristata, and P. flexilis may also be recommended for this purpose. For planting rocky slopes P. Banksiana, P. rigida, P. virginiana, and some western species are valuable; and if dwarf forms are desired P. montana is one of the best, thriving better than any other species in shaded positions and as undergrowth in open woods.
Leaf with two fibro-vascular bundles (a); several internal resin- ducts (b), one layer of strengthening cells (c) beneath the epidermis and on the inner side of the fibro-vascular bundles; stomata (d) all around.
A great number of the species are hardy North. Among the hardiest are P. Strobus, P. Cembra, P. parviflora, P. Bungeana, P. koraiensis, P. rigida, P. Banksiana, P. Thunbergii, P. resinosa, P. sylvestris and P. montana. The Mexican species and those from southern Asia stand only a few degrees of frost.
The pines are not very particular as to the soil, and in their native habitats they usually occupy the less fertile situations, as dry uplands and sandy plains. Some, as P. rigida, P. caribxa, and P. Taeda, can be grown both in dry and in swampy ground. P. palustris is very unhappily named, since it almost never grows in swamps. Pines are much used for the afforestation of barren sandy plains and dry rocky mountain slopes. For seaside planting P. rigida and the more tender P. radiata, P. Pinaster, P. halepensis, and P. canariensis are valuable; the last three species are now much planted in California, both for timber and ornament.
Leaf with two fibro-vascular bundles (a) and several medial resin-ducts (b) ; only one layer of strengthening cells (c) beneath the epidermis; stomata (d) all around.
Pines cannot be transplanted as successfully as large plants on account of their long tap-roots, and only younger nursery-grown trees should be used for planting. As they cannot usually be taken up with a good ball of earth, it is well to immerse the roots in a loam puddle immediately after the trees are dug up.
Pines are propagated by seeds sown in spring in prepared beds or frames, or in boxes or pans; the seeds should be covered slightly with fine soil, but the larger ones about 1/4 inch, and the young seedlings shaded and watered when necessary. Varieties and rarer kinds are grafted on their types or allied species, usually by veneer-grafting on potted stock in the greenhouse in winter, or in spring outdoors by cleft-grafting in the terminal bud (M.D. 1901, p. 15). Cuttings even of the dwarf forms do not root readily; the easiest to root are young shoots with primary foliage, as they sometimes appear on older branches or on the trunk.
The pines belong to the most important timber trees in their native countries; these are, in eastern North America, P. palustris, P. Strobus, and P. echinata; in the western states, P. Lambertiana, P. monticola, and P. ponderosa; in Europe, P. sylvestris and P. nigra; in eastern Asia, P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, and in the Himalayas, P. excelsa. From the resinous secretions of many species, chiefly P. palustris, P. caribaea, P. Pinaster, P. halepensis, and P. longifolia, turpentine, tar, and pitch are obtained. An essential oil used medicinally is distilled from the leaves and young shoots of several species. Edible seeds are produced by some species, in America by P. edulis and P. cembroides; in Europe by P. Pinea and P. Cembra; in East India by P. Gerardiana. Mats similar to cocoa mats are manufactured from the leaves of P. palustris, and pine wool for stuffing mattresses is made from leaves of European and American species.
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For seaside planting, P. rigida has shown itself most fit, and of foreigners in proper climate, P. Pinaster and P. halepensis, while P. contorta on the northwest coast and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are the seacoast trees par excellence.
For seaside planting, P. rigida has shown itself most fit, and of foreigners in proper climate, P. Pinaster and P. halepensis, while P. contorta on the northwest coast and the frugal P. radiata on the southwest coast are the seacoast trees par excellence.
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INDEX.
Aberdoniae, 37. flexilis, 4. parviflora, 5.
alba, 8. Fremontiana, 15. pendula, 22, 25, 27.
albo- terminata, 22. frutescens, 26. 30.
albo-variegata, 4, 14.funebris, 29. pentaphylla, 5.
alepensis, 36. glauca, 5, 8. peuce, 6.
arborea, 26. gracilis, 26, Pinaster, 37.
argentea, 25. halepensis, 36. pindica,27.
aristata, 18. Hamiltonii, 37. Pinea, 19.
Armandi, 3. Henryi, 29. Pityusa,36.
attenuata, 47. heterophylla, 35. Poiretiana, 27.
aurea, 8, 22, 25. horizontalis,27. ponderosa, 30, 31.
aureo- variegata, 26. inops, 39, 40. prominens, 29.
australis, 34. insignis, 46. prostrata, 8, 26, 27.
austriaca, 27. Jeffreyi, 31. pumila, 1, 25.
Ayacahuite, 11. koraiensis, 2. pumilio, 26.
Balfouriana, 17, 18. Lambertiana, 10. pungena, 38.
Banksiana, 41. lapponica, 25. pygmaea, 8, 27.
Beissneriana, 25. Laricio, 27. pyramidalis, 8, 25.
Benthamiana, 30. latifolia, 42. pyrenaica, 27, 36.
Bolanderi, 42. Lemoniana, 37. quadrifolia, 12.
Bonapartea, 11. leucodermis, 27. radiata, 46.
Boursieri, 42. leucosperma, 29. reflexa, 4.
brevifolia, 8. longifolia, 21. resinosa, 24.
brutia, 36. loudoniana, 11. rigensis, 25.
Bungeana, 16. macrocarpa, 48. rigida, 45.
calabrica, 27. Malletii, 36. rostrata, 26.
californica, 47. mandshurica, 2. rotundata, 26.
canariensis, 20. maritima, 37. Roxburghii, 21.
caribaea,35. Mastersiana, 23,28.Sabiniana, 49.
carpatica, 26. mastersiana,3. salzmannii,27.
cebennensis,27. minor, 37. scipioniformis, 3.
Cembra, 1. mitis, 32. Scopulgrum, 30.
cembroides, 13. monophylle, 15. serotina, 14.
clausa, 39. monspeliensis, 27. sibirica, 1.
columnaris, 1, 25. montana, 26. sinensis, 29.
compacta, 1, 25. montereyensis, 46. strobiformis, 4.
cotorta, 42. monticola. 9. Strobus, 8.
corsicana, 27. Moseri, 27. sylvestris, 25.
Coulteri, 48. Mughus, 20. tabuliformis, 29.
crispata, 25. muricata, 43. Taeda, 33.
cubensis, 35. Murrayana, 42. tenuifolia, 27.
densata, 29. nana, 8. Thunbergii, 28.
densiflora, 22. nepalensis, 7. Torreyana, 50.
divaricata, 41. nigra, 27. tuberculata, 47.
Don-Pedrii, 11. nigricans, 27. umbraculifera, 8, 22.
echinata, 32. nivea, 8, 25. uncinata, 26.
edulis, 14. Oculus-draconis,22,variegata, 7. 22, 28.
eldarica, 36. 28. virgata, 25.
Elliotii, 35. osteosperma, 13. virginiana, 40.
engadinensis, 25. Pallasiana, 27. Wilsonii, 29.
excelsa, 6, 7. palustris, 34. yunnanensis, 29.
fastigiata, 8, 25. Parryana, 12. zebrina. 7.
NO. I. KEY TO THE SPECIES WITH THE CONES.
I. Soft Pines (Haploxylon).
Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sap-wood
thin and nearly white: sheaths of the lf.-clusters deciduous;
lvs. with 1 fibro-vascular bundle.
II. Pitch Pines (Diploxylon).
Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark- colored, sap-wood pale, often thick: sheaths of lf .-clusters persistent (in the following species): lvs. with 2 fibro-vascular bundles, serrulate: umbo of cone-scales dorsal.
Section I. CEMBRA.
Group 1. Cembrae.
P. Abies, Linn. equals Picea excelsa.—P. albicaulis, Engelm. Pyramidal tree, to 30, rarely 60 ft-, sometimes shrubby, allied to flexilis: bark whitish or light brown. cones smaller, 1 1/2- 3 1/2 in., subglobose or oval purplish brown. Brit.col.to Calif. and wyo S.S.11:548. G.C.II. 24:9.probably as hardy as P. flexilis.-P arizonica, Engelm. (P. ponderosa var. arizonica, Shaw). Tree, to 100 ft, with pyramidal or open round-topped head, allied to P ponderosa: lvs. shorter, 5-7 in. long: cones smaller, 2-2 1/2 in., with recurved spines. Ariz. S.S. 11:559. — P. chihuahuana, Engelm.~- P. leiophylla var. chihuahuana. — P. Gerardiana, Wall. Tree, to 60 ft., with broad round-topped head, allied to P. Bungeana: lvs. bluish green, 2 1/2-4 in. long: cones 6-9 in. long, with the tips ofscales reflexed; seeds short-winged, to 1 in. long, edible. Himalayas. Not hardy N. — P. glabra, Walt. Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. Pyramidal tree, to 80, rarely 120 ft., allied to P. echinata: lvs. darte green, 1 1/2 -3 in. long: cones broadly to oblong- ovate, 1 1/4 -2 in. long. S. C. to Fla. and La. S.S. 11:583. Hardy only S. — P, Gordoniana, Hartw. =P. Montezumae. — P. Grenvilleae, Gord.=P. Montezumae. — P. Heldreichii, Christ. Small tree, allied to P. nigra: lvs. 3-4 in. long: cone 3 in. long, with impressed dull umbo furnished with a small curved prickle. Greece. G.C. II. 21:740.—P. insularis, Endl. Tall tree: lvs. 3, flaccid and very slender, 7-9 in. long: conea conic-ovate, 2 1/2- 3 in. long; scales with low pyramidal, sharply keeled apex and obtuse or on the upper scales mucronulate umbo. Philippine Isls. Not yet intro.—P. latifolia, Sarg. (P. Mayriana, Sudw.) Tree, to 60 ft., allied to P. ponderosa: lvs. 12-15 in. long and 1/14 in. wide: conea oblique at the base, 3-4 in. long. Ariz. S.S. 11:565. G.F. 2:496; 8:25. Not hardy N.—P. latisquama, Engelm.=P. Pinceana.— P. leiophylla, Schlecht. & Cham. Allied to P. Lambertiana. Tall tree: lvs. usually 5, slender, grayish green, 4-6 in. long: conea ovoid, nearly symmetrical, 2-3 in. long, with small recurved prickles. Mex. Var. chihuahuana, Shaw (P. chihuahuana, Engelm.). Lvs. usually 3 or 4, stouter and shorter. Calif, to New Mex. and Mex. S.S.11:566. G.F. 8:24.—P. macrophylla, Lindl., not Engelm. «=P. Montezumae.—P. Mayriana, Sudw.=P. latifolia.—P. montezumae. Lamb. (P. Gordoniana, Hartw. P. Grenvillae;, Gord. P. macrophylla, Lindl., not Engelm.). Tree, to 80 ft. and more: allied to P. Torreyana: lvs. glaucous or green, 7-16 in. long: Cones 4-14 in. long, light brown; apophysis depressed pyramidal, with a short, recurved spine. Mex. G.C. III. 8:405-7, 475; 15:271, 273. Gn. 66, p. 481; 68, p. 397. Very variable species, as the numerous (about 70) synonyms show. Not hardy N.—P. Nelsonii, Shaw. Allied to P. cembroides. Low bushy tree to 30 ft.: lvs. with persistent sheaths 3, 2 1/2 - 3 1/2 in. long, serrulate: cones on stout curved peduncles, cylindric; seeds wingless. Mex. G.C. III. 36:122; 37: 306.—P. patula, Schiede. Allied to P. Taeda. Tree, to 80 ft.: lvs. sometimes 4 or 5, drooping, light green, 7—9 in. long: cones oblong- ovate, oblique with depressed knobs, 4 in. long. Mex. G.C. II. 23:108, 109, 117; III. 9:435. Graceful tree, but not hardy N.—P. Picea, Linn.=Abies Picea.—P. Pinceana, Gord. (P. latisquama, Engelm.). Allied to P. cembroides. Low tree with slender branches: lvs. usually 3, entire, 5-6 in. long: cones oblong-ovate, long-stalked, 2 1/2 - 3 1/2 in. long; seeds wingless. Mex. G.C. II. 18:713; III. 38: 122.—P. pumila, Regel (P. Cembra var. pumila, Pall.). Shrubby, often procumbent, allied to P. Cembra, but resin-ducts of lvs. external: lvs. 1 3/4 - 3 in. long: cone 1 1/2 in. long; seed 2/5 in. long. N.E. Siberia to Japan. Hardy.
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