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| | [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] assigned the apple to the genus ''Pyrus'', along with [[pear]]s and [[quince]]s. Philip Miller subsequently separated the apple into its own genus, a division repeatedly ratified over the years. | | [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] assigned the apple to the genus ''Pyrus'', along with [[pear]]s and [[quince]]s. Philip Miller subsequently separated the apple into its own genus, a division repeatedly ratified over the years. |
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| − | ==Botanical information==
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| − | [[Image:95apple.jpeg|right|thumb|Wild ''[[Malus sieversii]]'' apple in [[Kazakhstan]]]]
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| − | [[Image:Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg|right|thumb|Apple cut horizontally, showing seeds]]
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| − | The wild [[ancestor]] of ''Malus domestica'' is ''[[Malus sieversii]]''. It has no common name in English, but is known in [[Kazakhstan]], where it is native, as 'alma'; in fact, the region where it is thought to originate is called [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], or 'father of the apples'. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of [[Central Asia]] in southern Kazakhstan, [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[China]].
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| − | For many years, there was a debate about whether ''M. domestica'' evolved from chance hybridisation among various wild species. Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper, Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Plant Sciences at [[Oxford University]] and others, has indicated, however, that the hybridisation theory is probably false. Instead, it appears that a single species still growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes of the Tien Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples we eat today. Leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed for DNA composition, which showed them all to belong to the species ''[[Malus sieversii|M. sieversii]]'', with some genetic sequences common to ''M. domestica''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | Some individual ''M. sieversii'', recently planted by the US government at a research facility, resist many [[#Pests and diseases|diseases and pests]] that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | Other [[species]] that were previously thought to have made contributions to the [[genome]] of the domestic apples are ''[[Malus baccata]]'' and ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'', but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple [[cultivar]]s. These and other ''Malus'' species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for ''M. domestica'', mainly for increased cold tolerance.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly [[citrus]], apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] for millennia, as well as in [[Argentina]] and in the [[United States]] since the [[Immigration to the United States|arrival of Europeans]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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