Difference between revisions of "Jasmine"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Oleaceae
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| name = ''Gynostemma pentaphyllum''
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|genus=Jasminum
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| image = Jiaogulan.JPG
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|common_name=Jasmine
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|habit=vine-climber
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
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|origin=temperate/tropical Old World
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|lifespan=perennial
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| ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
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|features=flowers, fragrance
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| familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| subfamilia = Zanonioideae
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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| subtribus = Gomphogyninae
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|image=Jasminum auriculatum (Juhi) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8323.jpg
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| genus = ''[[Gynostemma]]''
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|image_width=200
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| species = '''''G. pentaphyllum'''''
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|image_caption=Jasminum auriculatum
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| binomial = ''Gynostemma pentaphyllum''
 
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| binomial_authority = ([[Thunb.]]) Makino 1902
 
 
}}
 
}}
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[[Image:Jiaogulan.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Baby jiaogulan plants]]
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{{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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'''''Gynostemma pentaphyllum''''', also called '''jiaogulan''' ({{zh-cp|c=[[wiktionary:绞|绞]][[wiktionary:股|股]][[wiktionary:蓝|蓝]]|p=jiǎogǔlán}}) is an [[herbaceous]] [[vine]] of the family [[Cucurbitaceae]] ([[cucumber]] or [[gourd]] family) indigenous to the southern reaches of [[China]], southern [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]. Jiaogulan is best known as an [[herbal medicine]] reputed to have powerful [[antioxidant]] and [[adaptogen]]ic effects that increase longevity.
 
  
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==Range==
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{{Inc|
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Jiaogulan is a vine hardy to [[Hardiness zone|USDA zone]] 8 in which it may grow as a short lived [[perennial plant]]. It can be grown as an annual in most temperate climates, in well-drained soil with full sun. The plant is dioecious, meaning each plant exists either as male or female, thus if seeds are desired both a male and female plant must be grown. Unlike most of the Cucurbitaceae, jiaogulan does not show toxicity.
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Jasminium (Arabic name, from which have come Jessamine, Jasmin and Jasminum). Oleaceae. Jasmine. Jessamine. Climbing or erect shrubs, with attractive flowers, mostly very fragrant, prized for planting in mild climates and frequently grown under glass.
  
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==Uses==
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Leaves opposite or alternate, pinnate but sometimes reduced to 1 lft.(petiole jointed): fls. on the ends of the branchlets, or twin, or in dichotomous cymes; corolla yellow or white, sometimes reddish, salver-shaped, the 4-9 or more lobes convolute in the bud, much exceeding the calyx; stamens 2, included in the corolla-tube; ovary 2-loculed, with 1-4 erect ovules: fr. a 2-lobed berry, or sometimes the carpels separate, the carpels mostly 2-seeded.—Probably upwards of 200 species, widely distributed in warm parts of Eu., Asia, Afr., and the Pacific region; nearly absent from Amer. The genus is closely allied to Ligustrum, but differs in the compound lvs. and twin-carpeled frs. Olea is also a related genus.
  
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Jiaogulan is consumed primarily as a tea, and is also used as a natural sweetener in [[Japan]]{{fact|date=September 2007}}. It is known as an [[adaptogen]] and [[antioxidant]] and has been found to increase [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD) which is a powerful endogenous cellular antioxidant. Studies have found it increases the activities of [[macrophage]]s, [[T lymphocytes]] and natural [[killer cells]] and that it acts as a tumor inhibitor.<ref>Liu et. al. "Therapeutic and Tonic effects of Jiaogulan on Leukopenia Patients".</ref> Due to its adaptogenic effects it is frequently referred to as "Southern Ginseng," although it is not closely related to true Panax [[ginseng]]. Its adaptogenic constituents include the [[triterpenoid saponins]] [[gypenoside]]s which are closely structurally related to the [[ginsenoside]]s from the well-known medicinal plant ginseng. It has been shown to lower [[cholesterol]] levels in human studies.<ref>LaCour, Molgaard and Yi. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Lipidaemia. 1995</ref>
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Jasmines are of diverse horticultural groups. Some of them are hardy in the middle and southern states, whereas others are winter-flowering warmhouse plants. Most of them are known as coolhouse or temperate- house shrubs, of half-climbing habit. They are all of easy culture. They propagate readily by cuttings of nearly mature wood and by layers. The species are usually called jasmines although the word jessamine is really the same. J. officinale is the jessamine of poetry. Some of them (particularly J. grandiflorum) are grown for perfume-making. The Cape jessamine is Gardenia, although there is a Jasminum capense. Yellow or Carolina jessamine is Gelsemium. The hardiest kinds are J. humile, J. fruticans, J. floridum, J. nudiflorum, J. primulinum, J. officinale, but none of them is reliable north of Washington without protection, and even then only seldom north of Philadelphia.
  
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The plant is best known for its use as an [[herbal medicine]] in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], although its inclusion in [[Wu Qi-Jun]]'s 1848 botany book ''Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao Chang Bian'' discusses a few medicinal uses and seems to be the earliest known documentation of the herb.  Prior to that, Jiaogulan was cited as a survival food in [[Zu Xio]]'s 1406 book ''Materia Medica for Famine''. Until recently it was a locally known herb used primarily in regions of southern China. It is described by the local inhabitants as the immortality herb, because people within the [[Guizhou]] Province, where jiaogulan tea is drunk regularly, have a history of living to a very old age.<ref name="Winston">[[David Winston]] &amp; Steven Maimes. ''Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief'', Healing Arts Press (2007). Contains a detailed herbal monograph on jiaogulan and highlights health benefits.</ref><ref name="Bensky">Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble. ''Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third Edition''. Eastland Press 2004</ref> Most research has been done since the 1960s when the Chinese realized that it might be an inexpensive source for adaptogenic compounds, taking pressure off of ginseng stock.
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Index
  
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Adaptogenic herbs are nontoxic in normal doses, produce a nonspecific defensive response to stress, and have a normalizing influence on the body. They normalize the [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] (HPA axis). As defined, adaptogens constitute a new class of natural, homeostatic metabolic regulators.<ref name="Winston"/>  However they are also functional at the level of [[allostasis]] which is a more dynamic reaction to long term stress, lacking the fixed reference points of homeostasis.<ref>Robyn Klein (2004). [http://www.rrreading.com/files/Manu%20Allostasis%20and%20Adaptogens.pdf Allostasis Theory and Adaptogenic Plant Remedies]</ref>  Jiaogulan is a calming adaptogen which is also useful in formula with [[codonopsis]] for [[jet lag]] and [[altitude sickness]].<ref name="Bensky">Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble. "Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third Edition." Eastland Press 2004</ref>
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affice, 13.
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anastomosans, 2.
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angulare, 15.
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aureum, 17.
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azoricum, 12.
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beesianum, 11.
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capenae, 15.
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flarum, 20.
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floribundum, 14.
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floridum. 23.
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fruticans, 19.
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glabratum, 15.
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gracile, 1.
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gracillimum, 8.
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grandiflorum, 16.
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hirsutum, 7.
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humile, 20.
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ligustrifolium, 3.
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lucidum, 1.
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luleum, 19.
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maingayi. 10.
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multiflorum, 7.
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multipartitum, 4.
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nitidum, 9.
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nudiflorum, 17.
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odoratissimum, 22.
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officinale, 13.  
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poeticum, 13.  
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primulinum, 18.
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pubescens, 7.
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pubigerum, 21.  
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reevesii, 20.  
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revolutum, 20.  
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rigidum, 3.  
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sambac, 5.  
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sieboldianum, 17.  
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simplicifolium, 1.
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subulaium, 23.
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syriacum, 19.
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trifoliatum, 5.
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trinerve, 2.
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triumphans, 20.
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undulatum, 6.  
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wallichianum, 20.
  
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==Alternate names==
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J. auriculatum, vahl. scandent. pubescent or nearly glabrous: lvs. mostly simple but sometimes 3-foliolate and the lateral lfts. reduced to auricles: fls. white, in compound many-fld. cymes; corolla-tube 1/2in. or less long, the lobes elliptic and 1/4in. long. India. B.R. 264.—J. calcareum, Muell., is a spring- and summer- blooming Australian twining quite glabrous species with white fls. and simple, opposite, thick, 3- or 5-nerved lvs.—J. didymum, Forst. Climber: fls. small, white, in narrow axillary cymes which exceed the lvs.: lvs. opposite, ternate; Ifts. often retuse. Austral. B.M. 6349. Said to be an excellent warmhouse species.— J. Giroldii, Diels. Branches angled, hairy: lvs. alternate, 3-5-foli- olate; lfts. lanceolate, somewhat obtuse or apiculate, the terminal one longer: corymb terminal, about 3-5-fid.; calyx-segma, subulate, hispid: corolla yellow, the tube 6-8 times longer than calyx, the lobes apiculate. China. Allied to J. humile and J. pubigerum.— J. paniculalum. Roxbg. Evergreen climber, suitable for warmhouse: lvs. opposite, 3 foliolate: lfts. elliptic, obtuse: fls. white, in cymes: corolla-tube 1/2in. long. China. B.R. 690. L.B.C. 5:469.—J. polyanthum, Franch., a Chinese species in the way of J. grandiflorum, may be expected to appear in cult, in greenhouses. Fls. white inside, reddish outside, long-tubed, very fragrant: lvs. opposite, with about 5 long-acuminate lfts: sts. long and sarmentose. R.H. 1891, p. 270. L. H. B.
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Western languages such as English and German commonly refer to the plant as jiaogulan. Other names include:<ref>[http://www.immortalitea.com/othernames.htm Other Names for Jiaogulan]</ref>
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}}
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*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: ''xiancao'' ([[wikt:仙|仙]][[wikt:草|草]], literally "immortal grass"; more accurately "herb of immortality")
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*[[English language|English]]: five-leaf ginseng, poor man's ginseng, miracle grass, fairy herb, sweet tea vine, gospel herb
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==Cultivation==
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*[[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''amachazuru'' ([[kanji]]: [[wikt:甘|甘]][[wikt:茶|茶]][[wikt:蔓|蔓]]; [[hiragana]]: あまちゃずる; literally ''amacha''=sweet, ''cha''=tea, ''zuru''=vine)
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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*[[Korean language]]: ''dungkulcha'' (<!-- spelling from Roman-to-Hangui translator: 둥쿠lc하 The following spelling is likely more correct:-->덩굴차) or ''dolwe'' (<!-- 도l웨 The following spelling is likely more correct:-->돌외)
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*[[Latin]]: ''Gynostemma pentaphyllum'' or ''Vitis pentaphyllum''
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===Propagation===
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*[[Thai language|Thai]]: <!--''baan ja kahn'' is from www.immortalitea.com/othernames.htm but-->''jiaogulan'' (เจียวกู่หลาน) <!-- seems to be an often-used transliteration for "jiaogulan"; can't find "baan ja kahn" on any Thai websites -->
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Giảo cổ lam''
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semi & hardwood cuting
  
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One U.S.-based company markets jiaogulan under the name "Panta". At least one U.S. company markets jiaogulan under the name "Penta Concentrate" for lowering cholesterol.<ref name="Blumert">{{cite book
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===Pests and diseases===
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| title = Jiaogulan: China's "Immortality Herb" — Unlocking the Secrets of Nature's Powerful Adaptogen and Antioxidant
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| url=http://www.jiaogulan.net/Jiaogulan.htm
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| edition =
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==Species==
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| last = Blumert
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{{Main|List of Jasminum species}}
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| first = Michael
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Species include:
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| coauthors =  
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*''[[Jasminum dichotomum]]'' - Gold Coast Jasmine
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| year = 1999
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*''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' - Spanish Jasmine, Royal Jasmine
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| publisher = Torchlight Publishing
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*''[[Jasminum humile]]'' - Italian Yellow Jasmine
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| id = ISBN 978-1887089166
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*''[[Jasminum mesnyi]]'' - Japanese Jasmine, Primrose Jasmine, Yellow Jasmine
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| pages = }}</ref><ref>Zhang ZH, et al. Propagation of Gynostemma pentaphyllum by tissue culture. China J Chinese Materia Medica. 1989; 14(6)</ref>
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*''[[Jasminum odoratissimum]]'' - Yellow Jasmine
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*''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' Common Jasmine, Poet's Jasmine, jasmine, jessamine
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*''[[Jasminum parkeri]]'' - Dwarf Jasmine
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*''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' - Arabian Jasmine
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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<gallery>
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Image:Jasminum_suavissimum-IMG_0893_hunt07.jpg| [[Jasminum suavissimum]]
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Image:Jasminum_grandiflorum-spanish_jasmine-IMG_0757_hunt07.jpg| [[Jasminum grandiflorum]] / Spanish jasmine
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Image:Jasminum_giraldii-IMG_0726_hunt07.jpg| [[Jasminum giraldii]]
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Image:Jasminum_grandiflorum-spanish_jasmine-IMG_0758_hunt07.jpg| [[Jasminum grandiflorum]] / Spanish jasmine
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Image:Jasminum_suavissimum-IMG_0892_hunt07.jpg| [[Jasminum suavissimum]]
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Image:Jasminum diversifolium-IMG 3110 lokrun.jpg| [[Jasminum diversifolium]]
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.aumtea.com/scientific_studies.htm A summary of scientific studies related to the effectiveness of Jiaogulan and gypenosides on a commercial site]
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.projectgoodlife.com/index.php?page=jiaogulan Jiaogulan, Free Radicals and Anitoxidants]
 
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*[http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/DVH/HerbsWho/0,3923,552773|Jiaogulan,00.html Drug Digest presents side-effects and interactions for Gynostemma]
 
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*[http://www.immortalitea.com/J_history.htm History of Jiaogulan]
 
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==Further reading==
 
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*Saleeby, J. P. ''[http://www.xlibris.com/wonderherbs Wonder Herbs: A Guide to Three Adaptogens]''. (The third chapter is dedicated to jiaogulan.)
 
  
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[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Herbs]]
 
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[[Category:Chinese folklore]]
 
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[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
 
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 
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[[Category:Sweeteners]]
 
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[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
 
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[[Category:Herbal tea]]
 
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[[Category:Chinese tea]]
 

Latest revision as of 05:03, 12 April 2010


Jasminum auriculatum


Plant Characteristics
Habit   vine-climber

Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ temperate/tropical Old World
Cultivation
Features: ✓ flowers, fragrance
Scientific Names

Oleaceae >

Jasminum >


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Do you have a description of this genus or plant? Edit this section!


Read about Jasmine in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Jasminium (Arabic name, from which have come Jessamine, Jasmin and Jasminum). Oleaceae. Jasmine. Jessamine. Climbing or erect shrubs, with attractive flowers, mostly very fragrant, prized for planting in mild climates and frequently grown under glass.

Leaves opposite or alternate, pinnate but sometimes reduced to 1 lft.(petiole jointed): fls. on the ends of the branchlets, or twin, or in dichotomous cymes; corolla yellow or white, sometimes reddish, salver-shaped, the 4-9 or more lobes convolute in the bud, much exceeding the calyx; stamens 2, included in the corolla-tube; ovary 2-loculed, with 1-4 erect ovules: fr. a 2-lobed berry, or sometimes the carpels separate, the carpels mostly 2-seeded.—Probably upwards of 200 species, widely distributed in warm parts of Eu., Asia, Afr., and the Pacific region; nearly absent from Amer. The genus is closely allied to Ligustrum, but differs in the compound lvs. and twin-carpeled frs. Olea is also a related genus.

Jasmines are of diverse horticultural groups. Some of them are hardy in the middle and southern states, whereas others are winter-flowering warmhouse plants. Most of them are known as coolhouse or temperate- house shrubs, of half-climbing habit. They are all of easy culture. They propagate readily by cuttings of nearly mature wood and by layers. The species are usually called jasmines although the word jessamine is really the same. J. officinale is the jessamine of poetry. Some of them (particularly J. grandiflorum) are grown for perfume-making. The Cape jessamine is Gardenia, although there is a Jasminum capense. Yellow or Carolina jessamine is Gelsemium. The hardiest kinds are J. humile, J. fruticans, J. floridum, J. nudiflorum, J. primulinum, J. officinale, but none of them is reliable north of Washington without protection, and even then only seldom north of Philadelphia.

Index

affice, 13. anastomosans, 2. angulare, 15. aureum, 17. azoricum, 12. beesianum, 11. capenae, 15. flarum, 20. floribundum, 14. floridum. 23. fruticans, 19. glabratum, 15. gracile, 1. gracillimum, 8. grandiflorum, 16. hirsutum, 7. humile, 20. ligustrifolium, 3. lucidum, 1. luleum, 19. maingayi. 10. multiflorum, 7. multipartitum, 4. nitidum, 9. nudiflorum, 17. odoratissimum, 22. officinale, 13. poeticum, 13. primulinum, 18. pubescens, 7. pubigerum, 21. reevesii, 20. revolutum, 20. rigidum, 3. sambac, 5. sieboldianum, 17. simplicifolium, 1. subulaium, 23. syriacum, 19. trifoliatum, 5. trinerve, 2. triumphans, 20. undulatum, 6. wallichianum, 20.

J. auriculatum, vahl. scandent. pubescent or nearly glabrous: lvs. mostly simple but sometimes 3-foliolate and the lateral lfts. reduced to auricles: fls. white, in compound many-fld. cymes; corolla-tube 1/2in. or less long, the lobes elliptic and 1/4in. long. India. B.R. 264.—J. calcareum, Muell., is a spring- and summer- blooming Australian twining quite glabrous species with white fls. and simple, opposite, thick, 3- or 5-nerved lvs.—J. didymum, Forst. Climber: fls. small, white, in narrow axillary cymes which exceed the lvs.: lvs. opposite, ternate; Ifts. often retuse. Austral. B.M. 6349. Said to be an excellent warmhouse species.— J. Giroldii, Diels. Branches angled, hairy: lvs. alternate, 3-5-foli- olate; lfts. lanceolate, somewhat obtuse or apiculate, the terminal one longer: corymb terminal, about 3-5-fid.; calyx-segma, subulate, hispid: corolla yellow, the tube 6-8 times longer than calyx, the lobes apiculate. China. Allied to J. humile and J. pubigerum.— J. paniculalum. Roxbg. Evergreen climber, suitable for warmhouse: lvs. opposite, 3 foliolate: lfts. elliptic, obtuse: fls. white, in cymes: corolla-tube 1/2in. long. China. B.R. 690. L.B.C. 5:469.—J. polyanthum, Franch., a Chinese species in the way of J. grandiflorum, may be expected to appear in cult, in greenhouses. Fls. white inside, reddish outside, long-tubed, very fragrant: lvs. opposite, with about 5 long-acuminate lfts: sts. long and sarmentose. R.H. 1891, p. 270. L. H. B.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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semi & hardwood cuting

Pests and diseases

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Species

Main article: List of Jasminum species

Species include:

Gallery

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References

External links


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