Difference between revisions of "Trifolium"

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|familia=Fabaceae
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|genus=Trifolium
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|common_name=Clover
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|image=Trifolium April 2010-2.jpg
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'''Clover''' ('''''Trifolium'''''), or '''trefoil''', is a [[genus]] of about 300 [[species]] of [[plant]]s in the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]; the highest diversity is found in the temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]], but many species also occur in [[South America]] and [[Africa]], including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small [[annual plant|annual]], [[biennial plant|biennial]], or short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the [[flower|calyx]]. Other closely related genera often called clovers include ''[[Melilotus]]'' ([[sweet clover]]) and ''[[Medicago]]'' ([[alfalfa]] or 'calvary clover'). The "[[shamrock]]" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover. The scientific name derives from the [[Latin]] ''tres'', "three", and ''folium'', "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three [[leaflet]]s (trifoliate); hence the popular name [[trefoil]]. Clovers are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species; see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on clovers]].
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Clover has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for [[livestock]]; it grows in a great range of [[soil]]s and [[climate]]s; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting.
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In many areas, particularly on acidic soil, clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover sickness". When [[crop rotation]]s are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.
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Clover sickness in more recent times may also be linked to [[pollinator decline]]; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by [[bumblebee]]s, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}. [[Honeybee]]s can also pollinate clover, and [[beekeeper]]s are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar sources for honeybees]].
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''T. repens'', White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. ''T. hybridum'', Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. ''T. medium'', meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.
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Other British species are: ''T. arvense'', Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; ''T. fragiferum'', Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; ''T. procumbens'', Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar ''T. minus'', common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called shamrock.
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Trifolium (name refers to the three leaflets). Leguminosae. Clover. Low annual and perennial herbs, useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-seed mixtures.
 
Trifolium (name refers to the three leaflets). Leguminosae. Clover. Low annual and perennial herbs, useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-seed mixtures.
  
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
 
==Species==
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<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
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Selected species:
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{|
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* ''[[Trifolium africanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium albopurpureum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium alexandrinum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium amabile]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ambiguum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium amoenum]]'' <small>[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]</small> - Showy Indian Clover ([[California]] in the [[United States]])<!-- [[Special:Contributions/189.237.97.73|189.237.97.73]] ([[User talk:189.237.97.73|talk]]) 03:04, 1 April 2009 (UTC) -->
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* ''[[Trifolium andersonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium andinum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium angustifolium]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium arvense]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> - Hare's-foot clover (Europe, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium attenuatum]]''
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* ''Trifolium aureum'' <small>Pollich</small> - [[Large Hop Trefoil]] (central and southern [[Europe]])
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* ''[[Trifolium barbigerum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium beckwithii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bejariense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bifidum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bolanderi]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium brandegeei]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium breweri]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium buckwestiorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium calcaricum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium campestre]]'' <small>[[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]</small> - Hop Trefoil (Europe, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium carolinianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium cernuum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ciliolatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium cyathiferum]]'' Cup clover ([[Western United States]])
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* ''[[Trifolium dalmaticum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dasyphyllum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dedeckerae]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium depauperatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dichotomum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium douglasii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dubium]]'' <small>[[John Sibthorp|Sibth.]]</small> - Lesser Hop Trefoil
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* ''[[Trifolium echinatum]]''
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|
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* ''[[Trifolium eriocephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium fragiferum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium friscanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium fucatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium glomeratum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium gracilentum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium gymnocarpon]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium haydenii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium hirtum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium howellii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium hybridum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Alsike Clover
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* ''[[Trifolium incarnatum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Crimson Clover (Europe)
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* ''[[Trifolium jokerstii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium kingii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lappaceum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium latifolium]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium leibergii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lemmonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium longipes]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lupinaster]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium macraei]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium macrocephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium medium]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Trifolium michelianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium microcephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium microdon]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium minutissimum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium monanthum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium mucronatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium nanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium neurophyllum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium nigrescens]]'' <small>[[Domenico Viviani|Viv.]]</small> ([[Mediterranean Basin]])
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* ''[[Trifolium obtusiflorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium oliganthum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium olivaceum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ornithopodioides]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium owyheense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pannonicum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium parryi]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium patens]]'' <small>Schreb.</small><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
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* ''[[Trifolium pignantii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pinetorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium plumosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium polymorphum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pratense]]'' <small>L.</small> - Red clover (Europe, Western Asia, Northwestern Africa)
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* ''[[Trifolium productum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium purpureum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pygmaeum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium reflexum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium repens]]'' <small>L.</small> - [[Shamrock]] (white clover) (Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium resupinatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rollinsii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rubens]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rueppellianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium scabrum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium semipilosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium siskiyouense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium spumosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium squamosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium stoloniferum]]'' <small>Muhl. ex A. Eaton</small> - Running Buffalo Clover ([[Eastern United States|Eastern]] and [[Midwestern United States]])
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* ''[[Trifolium striatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium subterraneum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Subterranean clover (Northwestern Europe)
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* ''[[Trifolium suffocatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium thompsonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium tomentosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium trichocalyx]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium uniflorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium variegatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium vesiculosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium virginicum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium willdenovii]]'' <small>[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]</small> - Tomcat clover ([[Western United States]], [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]])
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* ''[[Trifolium wormskioldii]]'' <small>[[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]</small> - Cow clover ([[Western United States]], [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], northern [[Mexico]])
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|}
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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<gallery perrow=5>File:Trifolium alexandrinum eF.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium alexandrinum]]'''''
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File:Alpenklee.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium alpestre]]'''''
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<gallery>
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File:Trifolium alpinum3.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium alpinum]]'''''
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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File:Trefle_f_etroite.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium angustifolium]]'''''
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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File:Trifolium arvense 2005.07.11 09.23.43.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium arvense]]'''''
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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File:Trifolium aureum W.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium aureum]]'''''
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File:trifolium badium a1.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium badium]]'''''
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File:Trifolium campestre1.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium campestre]]'''''
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File:Trifolium cherleri (habitus).jpg|'''''[[Trifolium cherleri]]'''''
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File:TrifoliumDubium-bloem-hr.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium dubium]]'''''
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File:TrifoliumFragiferum2.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium fragiferum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium_globosum_Taub113e.png|'''''[[Trifolium globosum]]'''''
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File:Trifoliumhirtum.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium hirtum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium hybridum01.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium hybridum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium incarnatum.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium incarnatum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium lappaceum 1.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium lappaceum]]'''''
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File:TrifoliumMedium.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium medium]]'''''
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File:Trifoliummicrocephalum.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium microcephalum]]'''''
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File:Trifoliummicrodon.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium microdon]]'''''
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File:Trifolium_montanum_290504.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium montanum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium nigrescens Corse2.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium nigrescens]]'''''
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File:Trifolium occidentale.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium occidentale]]'''''
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File:Trifolium ochroleucon1 eF.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium ochroleucon]]'''''
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File:Trifolium pallescens3.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium pallescens]]'''''
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File:Trifolium pannonicum0.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium pannonicum]]'''''
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File:Rotklee Trifolium pratense.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium pratense]]'''''<br>{{tysp1}}
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File:Witte klaver bloem (1) Trifolium repens.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium repens]]'''''
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File:Trifolium_resupinatum_eF.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium resupinatum]]'''''
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File:Fleur 3 - VTdJ.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium rubens]]'''''
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File:Trifolium saxatile3.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium saxatile]]'''''
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File:Trifolium scabrum1.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium scabrum]]'''''
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File:Trefle5.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium stellatum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium stoloniferum.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium stoloniferum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium striatum eF.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium striatum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium subterraneum Taub113c.png|'''''[[Trifolium subterraneum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium_thalii.jpg|'''''[[Trifolium thalii]]'''''
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File:Trifolium trichocephalum.JPG|'''''[[Trifolium trichocephalum]]'''''
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File:Trifolium repens in Kullu distt W IMG 6655.jpg|''[[Trifolium repens]]'' in  [[Kullu]] District of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].
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File:Trifolium uniflorum (flowers).jpg|Oneflower clover (''Trifolium uniflorum'')
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File:Five-leaf Clover, Megan McCarty128.jpg
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File:Four-leaf clover.jpg
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<references/>
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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Latest revision as of 05:29, 30 April 2010


Trifolium April 2010-2.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Fabaceae >

Trifolium >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Clover (Trifolium), or trefoil, is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family Fabaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution; the highest diversity is found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx. Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago (alfalfa or 'calvary clover'). The "shamrock" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover. The scientific name derives from the Latin tres, "three", and folium, "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three leaflets (trifoliate); hence the popular name trefoil. Clovers are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on clovers.

Clover has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for livestock; it grows in a great range of soils and climates; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting.

In many areas, particularly on acidic soil, clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover sickness". When crop rotations are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.

Clover sickness in more recent times may also be linked to pollinator decline; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by bumblebees, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification[citation needed]. Honeybees can also pollinate clover, and beekeepers are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main nectar sources for honeybees.

T. repens, White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. T. hybridum, Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. T. medium, meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.

Other British species are: T. arvense, Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; T. fragiferum, Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; T. procumbens, Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar T. minus, common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called shamrock.


Read about Trifolium in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Trifolium (name refers to the three leaflets). Leguminosae. Clover. Low annual and perennial herbs, useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-seed mixtures.

Leaves digitately 3-, rarely 5-7-foliate; stipules adnate to the base of the petiole: fls. usually purplish, red or white, rarely yellow, in spikes, heads, or umbels, or rarely solitary; calyx-teeth or lobes about equal or the lower longer, the 2 upper sometimes more or less connate; petals usually withering rather than falling off, more or less adnate to the base of the stamen-tube; stamens 9 and 1; ovary small, ripening into a few-seeded, mostly indehiscent pod.—Between 200and 300 species, most abundant in the N. Temp. zone.

The clovers are very important agricultural plants, but they have little distinctly horticultural value except as cover-crops and green-manures. See Clover, page 805, Vol. II. For the role of clovers as nitrogen-fixers, see Legumes, page 1834, Vol. IV. The species described here are offered mostly as forage plants. Many clovers are perennial, although they are of relatively short life, so that frequent resowing is necessary if plants are to be kept in robust condition. Some of the species are annual, and these tend to become weeds. All are propagated readily by means of seeds; but as the seeds are small and oily, they may not germinate well in dry hot soils. Three annual yellow-flowered species are weeds in some parts, particularly in the East, where they have been introduced from Europe: T. agrarium, Linn., yellow or hop-clover; with oblong-obovate sessile leaflets; T. procumbens, Linn., low hop-clover, more spreading, leaflets obovate and the terminal one stalked; T. dubium, Sibth., with leaflets truncate or emarginate at apex and the terminal one stalked. A silky-pubescent white-flowered annual species from Europe, T. arvense Linn., is the rabbit-foot clover of fields and waste places. T. odoratum of seedsmen is evidently Melilotus. Allied genera are Lespedeza, Medicago, and Melilotus. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:

Gallery

References


External links


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