Difference between revisions of "Scrophulariaceae"

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'''Scrophulariaceae''', the '''figwort family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s.  The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral ([[zygomorphic]]) or rarely radial  ([[actinomorphic]]) symmetry.  Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains.  The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''[[Scrophularia]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]].
 +
 +
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.  Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the [[Lamiales]], notably [[Plantaginaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]] but also several new families <ref name="olmstead2001">{{cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348  | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title =  Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} - on line [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here]</ref>.  Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae [[sensu|''sensu lato'']].
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{{Inc|
 
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Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry.
 
Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry.
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==Genera==
 
==Genera==
 +
===Tribe Aptosimeae===
 +
*''[[Anticharis]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
 +
*''[[Aptosimum]]'' <small>Burch. ex Benth.</small>
 +
*''[[Peliostomum]]'' <small>E. Mey. ex Benth.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1611 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
 +
 +
===Tribe Buddlejeae===
 +
*''[[Buddleja]]'' <small>L.</small> - Butterfly-bush
 +
*''[[Emorya]] <small>Torr.</small>
 +
*''[[Gomphostigma]]'' <small>Turcz.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2282 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
 +
 +
===Tribe Hemimerideae===
 +
*''[[Alonsoa]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
 +
*''[[Colpias]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small>
 +
*''[[Diascia (plant)|Diascia]]'' <small>Link & Otto</small>
 +
*''[[Diclis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 +
*''[[Hemimeris]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
 +
*''[[Nemesia (plant)|Nemesia]]'' <small>Vent.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1610 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
 +
 +
===Tribe Leucophylleae===
 +
*''[[Eremogeton]]'' <small>Standl. & L.O.Williams</small> [[File:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG_1125.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Leucophyllum frutescens]]'' ]]
 +
*''[[Leucophyllum]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1609 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
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 +
===Tribe Limoselleae===
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*''[[Barthlottia]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch.</small>
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*''[[Camptoloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
 +
*''[[Chaenostoma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (sometimes included in ''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' but separated by Kornhall and Bremer<ref name="kornhall2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x | title = New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae | author = Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 146 | pages = 453–467 | issue = 4 | year = 2004 }}</ref>)
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*''[[Chenopodiopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
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*''[[Cromidon]]'' <small>Compton</small>
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*''[[Dischisma]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
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*''[[Glekia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
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*''[[Globulariopsis]]'' <small>Compton</small>
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*''[[Glumicalyx]]'' <small>Hiern</small>
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*''[[Gosela]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
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*''[[Hebenstretia]]'' <small>L</small>
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*''[[Jamesbrittenia]]'' <small>Kuntze</small><ref name="kornhall2004"/>
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*''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small> -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman ''et al.'' 2005)<ref>{{cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume =  54|issue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005}}</ref>
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*''[[Lyperia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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*''[[Manuleopsis]]'' <small>Thell. ex Schinz</small>
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*''[[Melanospermum]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
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*''[[Microdon]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
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*''[[Phyllopodium]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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*''[[Polycarena]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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*''[[Reyemia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
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*''[[Selago]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Strobilopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard & B.L.Burtt</small>
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*''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' <small>Roth</small> syn. Manulea <small>Thun.</small> - Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa"
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*''[[Tetraselago]] <small>Junell</small>
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*''[[Trieenea]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
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*''[[Zaluzianskya]]'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2280 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
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===Tribe Myoporeae===
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*''[[Bontia]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Calamphoreus]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
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*''[[Diocirea]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
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*''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
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*''[[Glycocystis]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
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*''[[Myoporum]]'' <small>Sol. ex G.Forst.</small>
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*''[[Pentacoelium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2281 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
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===Tribe Scrophularieae===
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*''[[Antherothamnus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
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*''[[Nathaliella]]'' <small>B.Fedtsch.</small>
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*''[[Oreosolen]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
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*''[[Scrophularia]]'' <small>L.</small> - Figwort
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*''[[Mullein|Verbascum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Mullein<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1612 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
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===Tribe Teedieae===
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*''[[Dermatobotrys]]'' <small>Bolus</small>
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*''[[Freylinia]]'' <small>Colla</small>
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*''[[Oftia]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
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*''[[Ranopisoa]]'' <small>J.F.Leroy</small>
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*''[[Teedia]]'' <small>Rudolphi</small>
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===Not placed in a tribe===
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*''[[Brachystigma]]'' <small>Pennell</small> - Desert foxglove
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*''[[Dasistoma]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
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*''[[Hemianthus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
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*''[[Leucosalpa]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small>
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*''[[Phygelius]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> - Cape fuchsia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1023 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref>
 +
 +
==Excluded genera==
 +
 +
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
 +
 +
*''[[Agalinis]]'' -> [[Orobanchaceae]]
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*''[[Amphianthus]]'' -> [[Plantaginaceae]]
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*''[[Angelonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Antirrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Bacopa]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Bartsia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Bellardia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Besseya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1435 Besseya] at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref>
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*''[[Calceolaria]]'' -> [[Calceolariaceae]]
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*''[[Castilleja]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Chaenorrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Chelone (genus)|Chelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Chionophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Collinsia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Cordylanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Craterostigma]]'' Hochst. -> alongside ''[[Lindernia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | year = 2005 | author = Albach, D. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 297 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297 }}</ref> or as part of ''Lindernia''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628 | work = A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar | title = Lindernia All. | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle }}</ref>
 +
*''[[Cymbalaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Digitalis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Dopatrium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Epixiphium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Euphrasia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
 +
*''[[Galvezia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Glossostigma]]'' -> [[Phrymaceae]]
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*''[[Gratiola]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Howelliella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Keckiella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Kickxia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Lagotis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Limnophila (plant)|Limnophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Linaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Lindernia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family [[Linderniaceae]] according to Haston ''et al.'' 2007 (also known as LAPG II).<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume =  56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi = }}</ref>
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*''[[Lophospermum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Mabrya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Maurandella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Maurandya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Mazus]]'' -> Phrymaceae
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*''[[Mecardonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Melampyrum]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Micranthemum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Mimulus]]'' -> Phrymaceae
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*''[[Misopates]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Mohavea]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Nemesia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Nothochelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Odontites]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Orobanche]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Orthocarpus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Parentucellia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Paulownia]]'' -> [[Paulownia]]ceae
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*''[[Pedicularis]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Penstemon]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Pseudorontium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Rhinanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
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*''[[Russelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Sairocarpus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Schistophragma]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Scoparia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Stemodia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
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*''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]'' -> Orobanchaceae<ref name="olmstead2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series | author = Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn, 1999 | pages = 876 | doi = 10.2307/2666173}}</ref>
 +
*''[[Synthyris]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
 +
*''[[Tonella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
 +
*''[[Torenia]]'' L. -> Linderniaceae
 +
*''[[Triphysaria]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
 +
*''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
 +
*''[[Veronicastrum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==

Latest revision as of 17:38, 22 June 2010


Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names


Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..

In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [1][2]. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.


Read about Scrophulariaceae in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry.

Scrophulariaceae is a family of 179 genera and about 2,500 species, distributed very generally over the whole earth. A few are aquatic and have finely divided leaves. Some are half-parasites on the roots of other plants. A few are total parasites without chlorophyll. The largest genera are Verbascum containing 160 species, Calceolaria with 134 species, Veronica with 200 species, and Pedicularis with 250 species. The family is related to the Solanaceae, to the Orobanchaceae and Gesneriaceae. The non-plicate imbricated usually irregular corolla, reduced number of stamens, and 2-celled, many-ovuled ovary, are distinctive characters.

The economic uses of the Scrophulariaceae are medicinal and ornamental. Veronica officinalis has been used as a tonic and an astringent. Veronica Beccabunga has been used for scurvy. Scrophularia nodosa was a remedy for fevers. Antirrhinum was used as a diuretic. Euphrasia officinalis was used in ophthalmia, and hence the name "eye-bright." Gratiola officinalis (poor man's herb) is a violent purgative. Digitalis purpurea is the most valuable medicinal plant in the family. It is poisonous, and a well-known diuretic and sedative-narcotic. The tropical Scoparia dulcis is a febrifuge. Veronica virginica (Culver's root), Verbascum Thapsus, Linaria vulgaris, and Chelone glabra have also been used in medicine. The snapdragon and foxglove are well-known garden plants of this family.

Because of the showy flowers, 30 to 40 genera are in cultivation in N. America for ornamental purposes. Among these are: Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), garden and greenhouse; Calceolaria, greenhouse plants, mostly from South America; Castilleia (Painted Cup), garden plants; Chelone (Turtlehead), hardy garden plants; Collinsia, garden annuals; Digitalis (Foxglove), hardy garden plants; Erinus, hardy; Gerardia, hardy; Gratiola, hardy; Halleria (African Honeysuckle), cultivated in the southern borders; Linaria (Butter-and-Eggs, Kenilworth Ivy, Mother-of-Thousands, Toad-flax), hardy and greenhouse; Mimulus (Monkey Flower, Musk Plant), garden annuals or hardy; Paulownia, semi-hardy tree; Pedicularis (Lousewort, Wood Betony), hardy; Pentstemon (Beard Tongue, Pentstemon), hardy; Phygelius (Cape Fuchsia), mostly greenhouse; Rhodochiton (Purple Bells), vine, garden annual; Russelia, greenhouse; Scrophularia (Figwort), hardy; Tetranema (Mexican Foxglove), greenhouse; Torenia, garden; Verbascum (Mullein), hardy; Veronica (Speedwell, Culver's Root, Fluellen, Ground Hele, Angel's Eyes, Bird's Eyes), garden, mostly hardy or annual.

CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Genera

Tribe Aptosimeae

Tribe Buddlejeae

Tribe Hemimerideae

Tribe Leucophylleae

Tribe Limoselleae

Tribe Myoporeae

Tribe Scrophularieae

Tribe Teedieae

Not placed in a tribe

Excluded genera

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88: 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348. 
  2. ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22.  - on line here
  3. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  4. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  5. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  6. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x. 
  8. ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. 
  9. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  10. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  11. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  12. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
  13. ↑ Besseya at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
  14. ↑ Albach, D. C. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92: 297. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297. 
  15. ↑ "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
  16. ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. 
  17. ↑ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876. doi:10.2307/2666173. 
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