Difference between revisions of "Scrophulariaceae"
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+ | '''Scrophulariaceae''', the '''figwort family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral ([[zygomorphic]]) or rarely radial ([[actinomorphic]]) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''[[Scrophularia]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the [[Lamiales]], notably [[Plantaginaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]] but also several new families <ref name="olmstead2001">{{cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} - on line [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here]</ref>. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae [[sensu|''sensu lato'']]. | ||
+ | |||
{{Inc| | {{Inc| | ||
Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry. | Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry. | ||
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==Genera== | ==Genera== | ||
+ | ===Tribe Aptosimeae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Anticharis]]'' <small>Endl.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Aptosimum]]'' <small>Burch. ex Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Peliostomum]]'' <small>E. Mey. ex Benth.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1611 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Buddlejeae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Buddleja]]'' <small>L.</small> - Butterfly-bush | ||
+ | *''[[Emorya]] <small>Torr.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Gomphostigma]]'' <small>Turcz.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2282 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Hemimerideae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Alonsoa]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Colpias]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Diascia (plant)|Diascia]]'' <small>Link & Otto</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Diclis]]'' <small>Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Hemimeris]]'' <small>L.f.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Nemesia (plant)|Nemesia]]'' <small>Vent.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1610 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Leucophylleae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Eremogeton]]'' <small>Standl. & L.O.Williams</small> [[File:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG_1125.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Leucophyllum frutescens]]'' ]] | ||
+ | *''[[Leucophyllum]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1609 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Limoselleae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Barthlottia]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Camptoloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Chaenostoma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (sometimes included in ''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' but separated by Kornhall and Bremer<ref name="kornhall2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x | title = New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae | author = Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 146 | pages = 453–467 | issue = 4 | year = 2004 }}</ref>) | ||
+ | *''[[Chenopodiopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Cromidon]]'' <small>Compton</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Dischisma]]'' <small>Choisy</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Glekia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Globulariopsis]]'' <small>Compton</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Glumicalyx]]'' <small>Hiern</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Gosela]]'' <small>Choisy</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Hebenstretia]]'' <small>L</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Jamesbrittenia]]'' <small>Kuntze</small><ref name="kornhall2004"/> | ||
+ | *''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small> -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman ''et al.'' 2005)<ref>{{cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume = 54|issue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005}}</ref> | ||
+ | *''[[Lyperia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Manuleopsis]]'' <small>Thell. ex Schinz</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Melanospermum]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Microdon]]'' <small>Choisy</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Phyllopodium]]'' <small>Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Polycarena]]'' <small>Benth.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Reyemia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Selago]]'' <small>L.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Strobilopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard & B.L.Burtt</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' <small>Roth</small> syn. Manulea <small>Thun.</small> - Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa" | ||
+ | *''[[Tetraselago]] <small>Junell</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Trieenea]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Zaluzianskya]]'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2280 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Myoporeae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Bontia]]'' <small>L.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Calamphoreus]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Diocirea]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Glycocystis]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Myoporum]]'' <small>Sol. ex G.Forst.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Pentacoelium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2281 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Scrophularieae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Antherothamnus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Nathaliella]]'' <small>B.Fedtsch.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Oreosolen]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Scrophularia]]'' <small>L.</small> - Figwort | ||
+ | *''[[Mullein|Verbascum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Mullein<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1612 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tribe Teedieae=== | ||
+ | *''[[Dermatobotrys]]'' <small>Bolus</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Freylinia]]'' <small>Colla</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Oftia]]'' <small>Adans.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Ranopisoa]]'' <small>J.F.Leroy</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Teedia]]'' <small>Rudolphi</small> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Not placed in a tribe=== | ||
+ | *''[[Brachystigma]]'' <small>Pennell</small> - Desert foxglove | ||
+ | *''[[Dasistoma]]'' <small>Raf.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Hemianthus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Leucosalpa]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small> | ||
+ | *''[[Phygelius]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> - Cape fuchsia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1023 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Excluded genera== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated: | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''[[Agalinis]]'' -> [[Orobanchaceae]] | ||
+ | *''[[Amphianthus]]'' -> [[Plantaginaceae]] | ||
+ | *''[[Angelonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Antirrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Bacopa]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Bartsia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Bellardia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Besseya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1435 Besseya] at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> | ||
+ | *''[[Calceolaria]]'' -> [[Calceolariaceae]] | ||
+ | *''[[Castilleja]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Chaenorrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Chelone (genus)|Chelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Chionophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Collinsia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Cordylanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Craterostigma]]'' Hochst. -> alongside ''[[Lindernia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | year = 2005 | author = Albach, D. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 297 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297 }}</ref> or as part of ''Lindernia''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628 | work = A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar | title = Lindernia All. | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle }}</ref> | ||
+ | *''[[Cymbalaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Digitalis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Dopatrium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Epixiphium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Euphrasia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Galvezia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Glossostigma]]'' -> [[Phrymaceae]] | ||
+ | *''[[Gratiola]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Howelliella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Keckiella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Kickxia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Lagotis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Limnophila (plant)|Limnophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Linaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Lindernia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family [[Linderniaceae]] according to Haston ''et al.'' 2007 (also known as LAPG II).<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi = }}</ref> | ||
+ | *''[[Lophospermum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Mabrya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Maurandella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Maurandya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Mazus]]'' -> Phrymaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Mecardonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Melampyrum]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Micranthemum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Mimulus]]'' -> Phrymaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Misopates]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Mohavea]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Nemesia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Nothochelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Odontites]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Orobanche]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Orthocarpus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Parentucellia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Paulownia]]'' -> [[Paulownia]]ceae | ||
+ | *''[[Pedicularis]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Penstemon]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Pseudorontium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Rhinanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Russelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Sairocarpus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Schistophragma]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Scoparia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Stemodia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]'' -> Orobanchaceae<ref name="olmstead2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series | author = Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn, 1999 | pages = 876 | doi = 10.2307/2666173}}</ref> | ||
+ | *''[[Synthyris]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Tonella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Torenia]]'' L. -> Linderniaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Triphysaria]]'' -> Orobanchaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
+ | *''[[Veronicastrum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== |
Latest revision as of 17:38, 22 June 2010
Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [1][2]. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
ExpandRead about Scrophulariaceae in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
|
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Genera
Tribe Aptosimeae
- Anticharis Endl.
- Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth.
- Peliostomum E. Mey. ex Benth.[3]
Tribe Buddlejeae
- Buddleja L. - Butterfly-bush
- Emorya Torr.
- Gomphostigma Turcz.[4]
Tribe Hemimerideae
- Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
- Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth.
- Diascia Link & Otto
- Diclis Benth.
- Hemimeris L.f.
- Nemesia Vent.[5]
Tribe Leucophylleae
- Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams
- Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.[6]
Tribe Limoselleae
- Barthlottia Eb.Fisch.
- Camptoloma Benth.
- Chaenostoma Benth. (sometimes included in Sutera but separated by Kornhall and Bremer[7])
- Chenopodiopsis Hilliard
- Cromidon Compton
- Dischisma Choisy
- Glekia Hilliard
- Globulariopsis Compton
- Glumicalyx Hiern
- Gosela Choisy
- Hebenstretia L
- Jamesbrittenia Kuntze[7]
- Limosella L. -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman et al. 2005)[8]
- Lyperia Benth.
- Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz
- Melanospermum Hilliard
- Microdon Choisy
- Phyllopodium Benth.
- Polycarena Benth.
- Reyemia Hilliard
- Selago L.
- Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Sutera Roth syn. Manulea Thun. - Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa"
- Tetraselago Junell
- Trieenea Hilliard
- Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt[9]
Tribe Myoporeae
- Bontia L.
- Calamphoreus Chinnock
- Diocirea Chinnock
- Eremophila R.Br.
- Glycocystis Chinnock
- Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.
- Pentacoelium Siebold & Zucc.[10]
Tribe Scrophularieae
- Antherothamnus N.E.Br.
- Nathaliella B.Fedtsch.
- Oreosolen Hook.f.
- Scrophularia L. - Figwort
- Verbascum L. - Mullein[11]
Tribe Teedieae
- Dermatobotrys Bolus
- Freylinia Colla
- Oftia Adans.
- Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy
- Teedia Rudolphi
Not placed in a tribe
- Brachystigma Pennell - Desert foxglove
- Dasistoma Raf.
- Hemianthus Nutt.
- Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot
- Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. - Cape fuchsia[12]
Excluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
- Agalinis -> Orobanchaceae
- Amphianthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa -> Plantaginaceae
- Bartsia -> Orobanchaceae
- Bellardia -> Orobanchaceae
- Besseya -> Plantaginaceae[13]
- Calceolaria -> Calceolariaceae
- Castilleja -> Orobanchaceae
- Chaenorrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Chelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Chionophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Collinsia -> Plantaginaceae
- Cordylanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Craterostigma Hochst. -> alongside Lindernia[14] or as part of Lindernia[15]
- Cymbalaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Digitalis -> Plantaginaceae
- Dopatrium -> Plantaginaceae
- Epixiphium -> Plantaginaceae
- Euphrasia -> Orobanchaceae
- Galvezia -> Plantaginaceae
- Gambelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Glossostigma -> Phrymaceae
- Gratiola -> Plantaginaceae
- Hebe -> Plantaginaceae
- Holmgrenanthe -> Plantaginaceae
- Howelliella -> Plantaginaceae
- Keckiella -> Plantaginaceae
- Kickxia -> Plantaginaceae
- Lagotis -> Plantaginaceae
- Limnophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Linaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Lindernia -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II).[16]
- Lophospermum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mabrya -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandella -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandya -> Plantaginaceae
- Mazus -> Phrymaceae
- Mecardonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Melampyrum -> Orobanchaceae
- Micranthemum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mimulus -> Phrymaceae
- Misopates -> Plantaginaceae
- Mohavea -> Plantaginaceae
- Nemesia -> Plantaginaceae
- Neogaerrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Nothochelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Nuttallanthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Odontites -> Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche -> Orobanchaceae
- Orthocarpus -> Orobanchaceae
- Parentucellia -> Orobanchaceae
- Paulownia -> Paulowniaceae
- Pedicularis -> Orobanchaceae
- Penstemon -> Plantaginaceae
- Pseudorontium -> Plantaginaceae
- Rhinanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Russelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Sairocarpus -> Plantaginaceae
- Schistophragma -> Plantaginaceae
- Scoparia -> Plantaginaceae
- Stemodia -> Plantaginaceae
- Striga -> Orobanchaceae[1][17]
- Synthyris -> Plantaginaceae
- Tonella -> Plantaginaceae
- Torenia L. -> Linderniaceae
- Triphysaria -> Orobanchaceae
- Veronica -> Plantaginaceae
- Veronicastrum -> Plantaginaceae
Gallery
If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.
References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
External links
- w:Scrophulariaceae. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Scrophulariaceae QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88: 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348.
- ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
- ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ Besseya at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
- ↑ Albach, D. C. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92: 297. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297.
- ↑ "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
- ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12.
- ↑ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876. doi:10.2307/2666173.