Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [1][2]. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
Read about Scrophulariaceae in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Scrophulariaceae (from the genus Scrophularia, a reputed remedy for scrofula). Figwort Family. Fig. 52. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees: leaves alternate, opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, regular or commonly irregular, often bilabiate, in which case the throat is often closed by a palate; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, gamopetalous, hypogynous, rarely spurred at the base, imbricated; fertile stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, rarely 2; sterile often present as staminodia; epipetalous; hypogynous disk annular or unilateral; ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 1-2: fruit generally a capsule, rarely a berry. Scrophulariaceae is a family of 179 genera and about 2,500 species, distributed very generally over the whole earth. A few are aquatic and have finely divided leaves. Some are half-parasites on the roots of other plants. A few are total parasites without chlorophyll. The largest genera are Verbascum containing 160 species, Calceolaria with 134 species, Veronica with 200 species, and Pedicularis with 250 species. The family is related to the Solanaceae, to the Orobanchaceae and Gesneriaceae. The non-plicate imbricated usually irregular corolla, reduced number of stamens, and 2-celled, many-ovuled ovary, are distinctive characters. The economic uses of the Scrophulariaceae are medicinal and ornamental. Veronica officinalis has been used as a tonic and an astringent. Veronica Beccabunga has been used for scurvy. Scrophularia nodosa was a remedy for fevers. Antirrhinum was used as a diuretic. Euphrasia officinalis was used in ophthalmia, and hence the name "eye-bright." Gratiola officinalis (poor man's herb) is a violent purgative. Digitalis purpurea is the most valuable medicinal plant in the family. It is poisonous, and a well-known diuretic and sedative-narcotic. The tropical Scoparia dulcis is a febrifuge. Veronica virginica (Culver's root), Verbascum Thapsus, Linaria vulgaris, and Chelone glabra have also been used in medicine. The snapdragon and foxglove are well-known garden plants of this family. Because of the showy flowers, 30 to 40 genera are in cultivation in N. America for ornamental purposes. Among these are: Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), garden and greenhouse; Calceolaria, greenhouse plants, mostly from South America; Castilleia (Painted Cup), garden plants; Chelone (Turtlehead), hardy garden plants; Collinsia, garden annuals; Digitalis (Foxglove), hardy garden plants; Erinus, hardy; Gerardia, hardy; Gratiola, hardy; Halleria (African Honeysuckle), cultivated in the southern borders; Linaria (Butter-and-Eggs, Kenilworth Ivy, Mother-of-Thousands, Toad-flax), hardy and greenhouse; Mimulus (Monkey Flower, Musk Plant), garden annuals or hardy; Paulownia, semi-hardy tree; Pedicularis (Lousewort, Wood Betony), hardy; Pentstemon (Beard Tongue, Pentstemon), hardy; Phygelius (Cape Fuchsia), mostly greenhouse; Rhodochiton (Purple Bells), vine, garden annual; Russelia, greenhouse; Scrophularia (Figwort), hardy; Tetranema (Mexican Foxglove), greenhouse; Torenia, garden; Verbascum (Mullein), hardy; Veronica (Speedwell, Culver's Root, Fluellen, Ground Hele, Angel's Eyes, Bird's Eyes), garden, mostly hardy or annual.
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Genera
Tribe Aptosimeae
- Anticharis Endl.
- Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth.
- Peliostomum E. Mey. ex Benth.[3]
Tribe Buddlejeae
- Buddleja L. - Butterfly-bush
- Emorya Torr.
- Gomphostigma Turcz.[4]
Tribe Hemimerideae
- Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
- Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth.
- Diascia Link & Otto
- Diclis Benth.
- Hemimeris L.f.
- Nemesia Vent.[5]
Tribe Leucophylleae
- Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams
- Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.[6]
Tribe Limoselleae
- Barthlottia Eb.Fisch.
- Camptoloma Benth.
- Chaenostoma Benth. (sometimes included in Sutera but separated by Kornhall and Bremer[7])
- Chenopodiopsis Hilliard
- Cromidon Compton
- Dischisma Choisy
- Glekia Hilliard
- Globulariopsis Compton
- Glumicalyx Hiern
- Gosela Choisy
- Hebenstretia L
- Jamesbrittenia Kuntze[7]
- Limosella L. -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman et al. 2005)[8]
- Lyperia Benth.
- Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz
- Melanospermum Hilliard
- Microdon Choisy
- Phyllopodium Benth.
- Polycarena Benth.
- Reyemia Hilliard
- Selago L.
- Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Sutera Roth syn. Manulea Thun. - Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa"
- Tetraselago Junell
- Trieenea Hilliard
- Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt[9]
Tribe Myoporeae
- Bontia L.
- Calamphoreus Chinnock
- Diocirea Chinnock
- Eremophila R.Br.
- Glycocystis Chinnock
- Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.
- Pentacoelium Siebold & Zucc.[10]
Tribe Scrophularieae
- Antherothamnus N.E.Br.
- Nathaliella B.Fedtsch.
- Oreosolen Hook.f.
- Scrophularia L. - Figwort
- Verbascum L. - Mullein[11]
Tribe Teedieae
- Dermatobotrys Bolus
- Freylinia Colla
- Oftia Adans.
- Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy
- Teedia Rudolphi
Not placed in a tribe
- Brachystigma Pennell - Desert foxglove
- Dasistoma Raf.
- Hemianthus Nutt.
- Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot
- Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. - Cape fuchsia[12]
Excluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
- Agalinis -> Orobanchaceae
- Amphianthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa -> Plantaginaceae
- Bartsia -> Orobanchaceae
- Bellardia -> Orobanchaceae
- Besseya -> Plantaginaceae[13]
- Calceolaria -> Calceolariaceae
- Castilleja -> Orobanchaceae
- Chaenorrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Chelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Chionophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Collinsia -> Plantaginaceae
- Cordylanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Craterostigma Hochst. -> alongside Lindernia[14] or as part of Lindernia[15]
- Cymbalaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Digitalis -> Plantaginaceae
- Dopatrium -> Plantaginaceae
- Epixiphium -> Plantaginaceae
- Euphrasia -> Orobanchaceae
- Galvezia -> Plantaginaceae
- Gambelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Glossostigma -> Phrymaceae
- Gratiola -> Plantaginaceae
- Hebe -> Plantaginaceae
- Holmgrenanthe -> Plantaginaceae
- Howelliella -> Plantaginaceae
- Keckiella -> Plantaginaceae
- Kickxia -> Plantaginaceae
- Lagotis -> Plantaginaceae
- Limnophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Linaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Lindernia -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II).[16]
- Lophospermum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mabrya -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandella -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandya -> Plantaginaceae
- Mazus -> Phrymaceae
- Mecardonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Melampyrum -> Orobanchaceae
- Micranthemum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mimulus -> Phrymaceae
- Misopates -> Plantaginaceae
- Mohavea -> Plantaginaceae
- Nemesia -> Plantaginaceae
- Neogaerrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Nothochelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Nuttallanthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Odontites -> Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche -> Orobanchaceae
- Orthocarpus -> Orobanchaceae
- Parentucellia -> Orobanchaceae
- Paulownia -> Paulowniaceae
- Pedicularis -> Orobanchaceae
- Penstemon -> Plantaginaceae
- Pseudorontium -> Plantaginaceae
- Rhinanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Russelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Sairocarpus -> Plantaginaceae
- Schistophragma -> Plantaginaceae
- Scoparia -> Plantaginaceae
- Stemodia -> Plantaginaceae
- Striga -> Orobanchaceae[1][17]
- Synthyris -> Plantaginaceae
- Tonella -> Plantaginaceae
- Torenia L. -> Linderniaceae
- Triphysaria -> Orobanchaceae
- Veronica -> Plantaginaceae
- Veronicastrum -> Plantaginaceae
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References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
External links
- w:Scrophulariaceae. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Scrophulariaceae QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88: 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348.
- ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
- ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ↑ Besseya at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
- ↑ Albach, D. C. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92: 297. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297.
- ↑ "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
- ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12.
- ↑ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876. doi:10.2307/2666173.