Difference between revisions of "Aconitum napellus"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Ranunculaceae
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| name = ''Aconitum napellus''
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|genus=Aconitum
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| image = Aconitum napellus 230705.jpg
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|species=napellus
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| image_width = 240px
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|common_name=Friar's cap, Helmet flower, Monkshood
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| image_caption = Plant in flower, Austria
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|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|habit=bulbous
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|Min ht box=5
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| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
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|Min ht metric=ft
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| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
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|Max ht box=6
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| genus = ''[[Aconitum]]''
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|Max ht metric=ft
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| species = '''''A. napellus'''''
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|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| binomial = ''Aconitum napellus''
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|Min wd box=24
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|Min wd metric=in
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|Max wd box=32
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|Max wd metric=in
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|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|lifespan=perennial
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|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|exposure=sun, part-sun
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|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|features=flowers
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|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer, early fall, mid fall, late fall
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|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|flowers=blue, purple
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|min_zone=5
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|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|max_zone=9
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|image=Aconitum napellus 230705.jpg
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|image_width=180
 
}}
 
}}
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'''''Aconitum napellus''''' (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", ''Fuzi'', "Monk's Blood", or "Monk's Hood") is a species of ''[[Aconitum]]'' in the family [[Ranunculaceae]], native and [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to western and central [[Europe]].
  
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'''''Aconitum napellus''''' (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", ''Fuzi'', and "Monk's Blood") is a species of ''[[Aconitum]]'' in the family [[Ranunculaceae]], native and [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to western and central [[Europe]].
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It is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are rounded, 5–10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The [[flower]]s are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm tall.
  
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It is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are rounded, 5-10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The [[flower]]s are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1-2 cm tall.
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Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage.  There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.
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{{Inc|
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Aconitum napellus, Linn. (A. tauricum, Jacq. A. pyramidale, Mill. A. inunctum, Koch). True Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 111. The best known and most poisonous species, and used in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft.: lvs. divided to the base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and low, gaping, smoothish: fr. 3-4-celled. June, July.— Very many varieties, differing in shade of fls.. often mottled or lined with white. Var. album is nearly white. Var. bicolor and yar. versicolor, much used in gardens for the large blue and white fls. Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species. A. Halleri is one of his divisions appearing in catalogues.{{SCH}}
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}}
  
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Species==
 
Nine [[subspecies]] are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':
 
Nine [[subspecies]] are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':
 
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''napellus''. Southwest England.
 
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''napellus''. Southwest England.
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Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as ''A. napellus'' are now regarded as separate species.  
 
Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as ''A. napellus'' are now regarded as separate species.  
  
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Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage.  There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
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===Uses===
 
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''Aconitum nepellus'' is grown in gardens for its attractive spike like inflorescences and showy blue flowers.<ref>Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. ''Systematic botany.'' New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.</ref>  It is a cut flower [[crop]] used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by [[seed]] or by removing offsets which are generated each year from the rootstock's and the use of [[micropropagation]] protocols have been studied.<ref> A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba ''Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts''
 
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Journal Plant Cell Reports
 
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Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
 
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ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online)
 
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Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995
 
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DOI 10.1007/BF00238594
 
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Pages 345-348</ref>  This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive [[hybrid]]s for garden use, including ''Aconitum x cammarum'' <ref>Armitage, A. M. 2000. ''Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia''. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.</ref> 
 
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Like other species in the genus, ''A. napellus'' contains several [[poison]]ous compounds, including enough [[cardiac]] poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times.<ref>J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. ''Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology''.
 
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Bisset NG.</ref> ''A. napellus'' has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years.<ref>
 
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Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning?
 
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Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1
 
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Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International
 
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</ref> During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing ''A. napellus'' could have been legally sentenced to death.<ref>Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. ''Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications''. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.</ref> Chemicals derived from the plant, which include the highly toxic alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, have been used more recently in murder plots.<ref>http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4297677&q=Aconitine+murder+&uid=792020396&setcookie=yes</ref>
 
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[[Aconite]] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used [[ethnomedical]]ly in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Such use has been shown in some cases to negatively affect the [[cardiovascular]] and central nervous systems including documented instances of [[poison]]ing and death.<ref>
 
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Fatovich, D M ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''.
 
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Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref> Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links
 
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    ''Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review''.
 
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    Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA</ref><ref>''Severe Acute Poisoning with Homemade Aconitum napellus Capsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data''
 
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Authors: Fabienne Moritz a;  Patricia Compagnon b;  Isabelle Guery Kaliszczak a;  Yann Kaliszczak c;  Valérie Caliskan a; Christophe Girault d
 
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DOI: 10.1080/15563650500357594  Clinical Toxicology, Volume 43, Issue 7 December 2005 , pages 873 - 876
 
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</ref>
 
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==References==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Aconitum+&SPECIES_XREF=napellus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Aconitum napellus'']
 
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*http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/circulationaha;102/23/2907
 
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*http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/felter/aconitum-nape.html
 
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*http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/1_1com.htm
 
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:AconitumNapellusByKoehler1887.jpg|19th century illustration
 
Image:AconitumNapellusByKoehler1887.jpg|19th century illustration
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Image:Aconitum napellus JPG1a.jpg| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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{{commons|Aconitum napellus}}
 
  
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[[Category:Ranunculaceae]]
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://www.sandmountainherbs.com/aconite.html Aconite, ''Aconitum napellus''] - Resource for aconitum napellus seed & information
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 02:05, 3 November 2010


Aconitum napellus 230705.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Habit   bulbous

Height: ⇕ 5 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 5. to 6 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 6.
Width: ⇔ 24 in"in" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 24. to 32 in"in" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 32.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Bloom: ❀ early summer, mid summer, late summer, early fall, mid fall, late fall
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun, part-sun
Features: ✓ flowers
USDA Zones: 5 to 9
Flower features: ❀ blue, purple
Scientific Names

Ranunculaceae >

Aconitum >

napellus >


Aconitum napellus (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", Fuzi, "Monk's Blood", or "Monk's Hood") is a species of Aconitum in the family Ranunculaceae, native and endemic to western and central Europe.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The leaves are rounded, 5–10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The flowers are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm tall.

Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.


Read about Aconitum napellus in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Aconitum napellus, Linn. (A. tauricum, Jacq. A. pyramidale, Mill. A. inunctum, Koch). True Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 111. The best known and most poisonous species, and used in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft.: lvs. divided to the base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and low, gaping, smoothish: fr. 3-4-celled. June, July.— Very many varieties, differing in shade of fls.. often mottled or lined with white. Var. album is nearly white. Var. bicolor and yar. versicolor, much used in gardens for the large blue and white fls. Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species. A. Halleri is one of his divisions appearing in catalogues.CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Nine subspecies are accepted by the Flora Europaea:

  • Aconitum napellus subsp. napellus. Southwest England.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. corsicum (Gáyer) W.Seitz. Corsica.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central and eastern Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. fissurae (Nyár.) W.Seitz. Balkans to southwest Russia.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. hians (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. lusitanicum Rouy. Southwest Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. superbum (Fritsch) W.Seitz. Western Balkans.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. tauricum (Wulfen) Gáyer. Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud. Alps, Pyrenees, northern Spain.

Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as A. napellus are now regarded as separate species.

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • 19th century illustration

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Aconitum_napellus&oldid=131955"