Difference between revisions of "Sambucus nigra"

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 3: Line 3:
 
|genus=Sambucus
 
|genus=Sambucus
 
|species=nigra
 
|species=nigra
 +
|taxo_author=L.
 
|common_name=Black elder, European elder
 
|common_name=Black elder, European elder
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 +
|habit=tree
 
|Min ht box=8
 
|Min ht box=8
 
|Min ht metric=ft
 
|Min ht metric=ft
Line 15: Line 17:
 
|Max wd metric=ft
 
|Max wd metric=ft
 
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 +
|poisonous=see text
 
|lifespan=perennial
 
|lifespan=perennial
 
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|exposure=sun
 
|exposure=sun
 
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
−
|features=flowers
+
|features=deciduous, flowers, edible
 
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer
 
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer
 
|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
Line 27: Line 30:
 
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|max_zone=10
 
|max_zone=10
−
|image=Upload.png
+
|image=Sambucus nigra 004.jpg
 
|image_width=240
 
|image_width=240
 +
|image_caption=Shrub in flower
 
}}
 
}}
−
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+
'''''Sambucus nigra''''' is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe<ref>[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sambucus&SPECIES_XREF=nigra&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Sambucus nigra''] at [[Flora Europaea]]</ref> , northwest Africa southwest Asia, and western North America.
−
| name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
+
 
−
| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+
It is most commonly called '''Elder''', '''Elderberry''', '''Black Elder''', '''European Elder''',''' European Elderberry''', '''European Black Elderberry'''<ref>{{ITIS|ID= 35324}}</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SANI4 ''Sambucus nigra''] at [http://plants.usda.gov/ USDA PLANTS Database]</ref>, '''Common Elder''', or '''Elder Bush''' when distinction from other species of ''Sambucus'' is needed. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.
−
| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
+
 
−
| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+
It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to 4–6 m (rarely to 10 m) tall. The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The [[leaf|leaves]] are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.
−
| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+
 
−
| origin = ?   <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+
The [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s are borne in large [[corymb]]s 10–25&nbsp;cm diameter in mid summer, the individual flowers white, 5–6&nbsp;mm diameter, with five petals; they are pollinated by flies.
−
| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+
 
−
| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
+
The [[fruit]] is a dark purple to black [[berry]] 3–5&nbsp;mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in the late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating [[bird]]s, notably [[Blackcap]]s.
−
| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
+
 
−
| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+
'''Toxicity:''' The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly [[poison]]ous in their unripe state. <ref> Professor Julia Morton, University of Miami</ref> . All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing [[cyanogenic glycoside]]s (Vedel & Lange 1960). The seeds of red elderberries are toxic and must be removed before eating red elderberries or food products from red elderberries. The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make [[Fruit preserves|jam]], jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce. Also when cooked they go well with [[blackberries]] and with [[Apple|apples]] in [[Pie|pies]].
−
| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
+
 
−
| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
 
−
| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
 
−
| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
 
−
| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
 
−
| color = IndianRed
 
−
| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
 
−
| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
−
| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
 
−
| regnum = Plantae  <!--- Kingdom -->
 
−
| divisio =  <!--- Phylum -->
 
−
| classis =    <!--- Class -->
 
−
| ordo =    <!--- Order -->
 
−
| familia =    <!--- Family -->
 
−
| genus =
 
−
| species =
 
−
| subspecies =
 
−
| cultivar =
 
−
}}
 
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
−
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
+
Sambucus nigra, Linn. European Elder. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: lvs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; lfts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 1/4-1/3 in. across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or prostrate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifolia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regularly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly lobed. Var. albo-variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. aurea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocarpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish.
−
Sambucus nigra, Linn. European Elder. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: lvs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; lfts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 1/4-1/3 in. across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. S.E.B. 4:637. R.F.G. 12:780. H.W. 3, p. 132. G.C. III. 10:405. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or prostrate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifolia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regularly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly lobed. Var. albo-variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. J.H.S. 33, p. 360, fig. 47. G.W. 11, p. 474. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. aurea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. G.W. 2, p. 565. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocarpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish. M.D. 1908:8, fig. 2.
 
 
{{SCH}}
 
{{SCH}}
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
−
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+
 
  
 
===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
−
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+
 
  
 
===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
−
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+
Like other elderberries, Sambucus nigra is subject to ''Elder whitewash fungus''.
 +
[[Image:Hyphodontia sambuci Eglinton.JPG|right|thumb|200px|right|Elder Whitewash fungus (''[[Hyphodontia sambuci]]'')].]]
  
−
==Species==
+
==Varieties==
−
<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
+
Some selections and cultivars have [[Variegation|variegated]] or coloured [[Leaf|leaves]] and other distinctive qualities, and are grown by the [[Plant nursery|horticultural industry]] for public landscapes and private [[Garden|gardens]].
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
−
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
 
  
−
<gallery>
+
<gallery perrow=5>
−
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+
File:Reife Früchte des Schwarzen Holunder.JPG
−
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+
File:Gewone vlier Sambucus nigra.jpg
−
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+
File:Sambucus nigra0.jpg
 +
File:Sambucus nigra-Busch.jpg
 +
File:Sambucus nigra (Cortex).jpg
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
<references/>
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
Line 97: Line 85:
  
 
{{stub}}
 
{{stub}}
−
[[Category:Categorize]]
+
__NOTOC__
−
 
 
−
<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
 

Revision as of 23:44, 10 May 2010


Shrub in flower


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree

Height: ⇕ 8 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 8. to 30 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 30.
Width: ⇔ 10 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 10. to 20 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 20.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Poisonous: ☠ see text
Bloom: ❀ early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Features: ✓ deciduous, flowers, edible
USDA Zones: 5 to 10
Flower features: ❀ white
Scientific Names

Caprifoliaceae >

Sambucus >

nigra >

L. >


Sambucus nigra is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe[1] , northwest Africa southwest Asia, and western North America.

It is most commonly called Elder, Elderberry, Black Elder, European Elder, European Elderberry, European Black Elderberry[2][3], Common Elder, or Elder Bush when distinction from other species of Sambucus is needed. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 4–6 m (rarely to 10 m) tall. The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.

The hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large corymbs 10–25 cm diameter in mid summer, the individual flowers white, 5–6 mm diameter, with five petals; they are pollinated by flies.

The fruit is a dark purple to black berry 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in the late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably Blackcaps.

Toxicity: The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly poisonous in their unripe state. [4] . All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing cyanogenic glycosides (Vedel & Lange 1960). The seeds of red elderberries are toxic and must be removed before eating red elderberries or food products from red elderberries. The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jam, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce. Also when cooked they go well with blackberries and with apples in pies.


Read about Sambucus nigra in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Sambucus nigra, Linn. European Elder. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: lvs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; lfts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 1/4-1/3 in. across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or prostrate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifolia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regularly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly lobed. Var. albo-variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. aurea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocarpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Like other elderberries, Sambucus nigra is subject to Elder whitewash fungus.

Elder Whitewash fungus (Hyphodontia sambuci)].

Varieties

Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown by the horticultural industry for public landscapes and private gardens.

Gallery

  • Reife Früchte des Schwarzen Holunder.JPG
  • Gewone vlier Sambucus nigra.jpg
  • Sambucus nigra0.jpg
  • Sambucus nigra-Busch.jpg
  • Sambucus nigra (Cortex).jpg

References

  1. ↑ Sambucus nigra at Flora Europaea
  2. ↑ Template:ITIS
  3. ↑ Sambucus nigra at USDA PLANTS Database
  4. ↑ Professor Julia Morton, University of Miami

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Sambucus_nigra&oldid=128146"