Populus eugenei
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Read about Populus eugenei in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Populus eugenei, Simon-Louis. Eugene Poplar. Figs. 3139-3141, but known apparently to horticulturists as Carolina poplar: strict-growing strong staminate tree mostly with a markedly excurrent trunk (st. or bole continuing through the top or head) and with many strongly ascending branches, making the top narrow and almost columnar or pyramidal and densely foliaged, but with more or less hanging small spray on the under side or bottom of the head, the tree shedding its branchlets or little twigs freely: lvs. mostly triangular-ovate (broadest below the middle) and long-acuminate-pointed, truncate or slightly cuneate-truncate at base, crenate-serrate with close mostly incurved teeth, petioles flattened: autumn buds long, only slightly viscid, those in the upper axils slender and often curved-pointed. This interesting and valuable rapid-growing poplar was found in 1832 as a chance seedling in the Simon-Louis nursery, near Metz, France; it is supposed to be a hybrid between Lombardy poplar (male) and P. regenerata (female) and it has the marks of the two. It is now one of the horticultural poplars and is often confounded with the native cottonwood. Henry writes that the original tree is, in his opinion, "the most wonderful tree in Europe in point of vigor, as it measured in 1913, when 81 years old, no less than 150 ft. in height and 25 ft. in girth at 5 ft. above the ground, and appears to be still growing rapidly. Another tree, a cutting of the last, planted in 1870, was 140 ft. high by 15 ft. in girth." Some of the tall Carolina poplars planted in the eastern parts appear to be P. Eugenei. or a very similar hybrid. In this account, the poplars of this group in E. N. Amer, (east of the Mississippi) are assumed to be of a single species, P. deltoides, and what has been thought to be P. angulata of the southern states is taken as the type of the species, and the true P. angulata is considered to be a hybrid that is more or less planted. Whether other species are involved is to be determined by much further study of the unquestioned native forms. It is not unlikely that there are unrecognized natural hyorids. Tidestrom considers that there are 3 species in Maryland, P. virginiana, P. deltoides, and P. anyulata (Rhodora, xvi. 208, 1914). The If forms in cult, are very confusing if one desires to find separable types without numberless intermediates. Taken in a broader sense, P. deltoides may be considered to range through the country east of the Rocky Mts., being represented in the S. by the type form, and in the W. by var. occidentalis (P. Sargentii). In a still wider sense, P. Fremontii and P. Wislizenii may be regarded as geographical forms. Very recently, A. Henry bas distinguished 3 forms of the eastern cottonwood. and has taken up the name P. deltoidea although not certain as to the original application of it. The 3 forms are: (1 ) P. delloidea var. monilifera, Henry (P. monilifera, Ait.), the form of the northeastern country: lvs. deltoid-ovate, about 3 in. long and wide, abruptly contracted into a long non-serrated apex, the base wide and shallowly cordate, bearing 2 glands at the junction with the petiole in front, the margin densely ciliate, both surfaces and petiole glabrous except for a few evanescent hairs on midrib and main nerves. G.G. III. 56:4 (tree in winter). (2) P. deltoidea var. occidentalis, Rydb. (See P. Sargentii, No. 12). (3) P. deltoidea var. miseouriensis, Henry (P. angulata var. missouriensis, Henry). lvs. similar in shape to those of var. monilifera but larger, being 5 or 6 in. wide and long, both surfaces and the petiole pubescent with some of the pubescence remaining in summer, the basal glands 3 or 4. La. to Mo., also in Ga. The botanical names of these native poplars are confused. If it is assumed that there is only one species in this group, then we may apply to it the name P. deltoidea, modified from Marshall, 1785, or P. canadensis, Moench, 1785; but the descriptions under these names are not sufficient to designate the species if we undertake to define them closely. P. virginiana, Foug., and P. carolinensis, Moench. are undeterminable from the descriptions. There is every probability that Marshall in his "Arbustum Americanum" (1785) meant to designate the Carolina poplar by his P. deltoids (which has recently been taken up by botanists under the forms deltoidea and deltoides). Koch, in his Dendrologie, however, suggests P. grandidentata as the species meant by Marshall, but the range of this species forbids. The full account in Marshall is as follows: "Populus deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina " (Bertram's Catalogue). "This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk, covered with a white, smoothish bark, resembling that of the Aspen tree. The leaves are large, generally nearly triangular, toothed or indented with sharp and deep serratures. of a shining full green on their upper surface, but somewhat lighter or hoary underneath ; standing upon long slender footstalks, and generally restless or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elastic, principally used for fence-rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida." The first undisputed binomials, reinforced by specimens, appear to be those of Alton. 1789, P. monilifera and P. angulata. It is unfortunate that Marshall's P. deltoide has been revived in order to satisfy the demand for priority: it is not Latin: it may be rendered either in the form deltoides or deltoidea, thereby introducing confusion; the only way of determining what plant he had in mind is by habitat and range,—"rich lowlands" "in Carolina and Florida." As we now define the poplars of Carolina and Florida there is only one species, but it is not unlikely that others will be separated. Marshall's name, as the other very early names, should be disregarded and Aiton's P. monilifera taken as the starting-point. The name P. canadensis has been variously applied by succeeding authors: it is probably a female hybrid; at least some of the stock once grown in N. Amer, under this name was P. deltoides: the name should be discarded. P. virginiana, Foug., 1786, is fairly well defined by Castiglioni (Viaggio Negli Stati Uni . . . pub. at Milano, 1790), and appears to be-the species named P. monilifera by Aiton, 1789, but to take up the name would contribute nothing to clarity. The Carolina poplar was early planted in this country. It was apparently known to John Bartram. It is mentioned by M'Mahon in his "Gardener's Calendar," 1806. It is listed in the catalogue of William Booth, of Baltimore, 1810; also by William Prince of Flushing, Long Island, in 1823, 1825. 1829, by Landreth, of Philadelphia, in 1828. What form of poplar all these early planters had is not now to be determined. To what extent the hybrid Carolina poplar (P. angulata) is now planted in this country is unknown to the writer. It is apparent that European hybrid poplars are useful here and they have been intro. from time to time. The prevailing "Carolina poplar" of present planting in the northeastern states is probably P. Eugenei, but others may be involved. The binomials that have been applied more or lees loosely or erroneously to the P. angulaia group on the supposition that it is a species of the S. U. S. are as follows: P. angulosa, P. macrophylla, P. deltoidea var. angulata, P. carolina, P. caroliniana, and P. carolinensis, Hort.; P. deltoides var. carolinensis. Bailey; P. deltoidea var. missouriensis. Henry. If P. deltoides is itself taken to be this southern form, then all these synonyms must now be ranged under that name, so far ae they may apply to the plant in question. Supposed or accepted hybrids in the black poplar group (P. nigra-deltoides-angulata) are recognized as follows (only two or three of which are likely to be found in this country unless in special collections): (a) P. serotina, Hartig (P. helvetica, Poed. P. angulata var. serotina, Koehne). Black Italian Poplar. Swiss Poplar in France. A valuable timber tree : very strong etaminate tree with a broad head and wide- spreading but ascending branches and regularly furrowed bark: buds brownish and viscid: lvs. appearing very late (hence the name P. serotina), reddish tinged and glabrous, larger than those of P. Eugenii, ovate-deltoid with broad truncate base and short cuspidate or acuminate apex, with few crenate serrations rather far apart and toward the base of the blade, the glands 1, 2 or 0, near the apex of the reddish petiole: young plants and vigorous growths with ridged shoots, and lvs. 5-6 in. or more long. G.C. III. 56:47. A very old hybrid, having been described by Duhamel in 1755. P. deltoides var. monilifera is probably one of the parents, and P. nigra var. typica the other. Very likely one of the planted poplars in this country and apparently sometimes passing as P. deltoides. (b) P. marilandica, Bosc (P. euxylon. Dode). Pistillate tree that originated early in the 19th century: buds small and viscid: lvs. (resembling those of P. nigra) 4 x 3 in., rhomboid, cuneate at base, tapering above into a long-acuminate apex, glabrous, crenate-serrate with incurved teeth, the margins with minute scattered hairs. Appears to be a hybrid of P. detoidea var. monilifera and P. nigra. (c) P. Henryana, Dode. Of unknown origin: of branching open habit similar to that of P. deltoides var. monilifera: a etaminate tree, with lvs. cuneate at broad base: "of no particular vigor." and little known. G. HI. 56:46. (d) P. robusta, Schneid. Probably the issue of P. angulata X P. plantierensis : of narrow columnar habit but short branches much more divaricate than in the Lombardy, of very rapid growth: twigs hairy: staminate. G.C. III. 56:66. (e) P. regenerata. Schneid. (P. Eucalyptus, Hort.). Pistillate tree like P. serotina in twigs and foliage but lvs. opening 2 weeks or more earlier, of narrow outline ani bearing pistillate fls.: catkins similar to those of P. marilandica, but with usually only 2 stigmas. (f) P. Lioydii Henry (probably P. nigra var. betulifolia and P. serotina). Tall pistillate tree with pubescent branchlets, described by Henry as follows: Bark similar to that of P. serotina: young branchlets with minute pubescence, glabrous and yellowish brown the second year; buds small, viscid: Ivs. about 2 1/2 in. wide and long, truncate, rounded or cuneate at base, with a short non-serrated, acuminate or cuspidate apex, crenate - serrate, teeth incurved- ciliate till late summer; glands minute, often absent; petiole reddish with minute pubescence; pistillate catkins 2 - 2 1/2 in., glabrous; pedicels short, ovary globose, in a cup-shaped oblique entire disk with 2, rarely 3, dilated spreading stigmas: fruiting catkins 4 in.; caps. 2-valved. G.C. 111.56:67. (g) P. generosa, Henry. Intermediate between the parents (P. angulata, pistillate, and P. trichocarpa) in width and color of Ivs., the under surface pale gray; resembles P. angulata in having coarsely serrate often cordate translucent- bordered Ivs., but P. trichocarpa in bearing rounded petioles. A plant of "astounding vigor," issued from a cross made at Kew in March, 1912. G.C. III. 56:258, 259. See also Henry, Trans. Roy. Scott. Arbor. Soc. 30, p. 25, fig. 10; and Journ. Dept. Agrie., Ireland. 15:44. A tree of much promise. It originated from hand-pollination, P. trichocarpa furnishing the pollen, four seedlings resulting. IV. Heavy or Large-leaved Poplars or Cottonwoods. Lvs, large and broad, rounded or cordate rather than truncate at base, not lobed, the petiole cylindrical or channelled, not flat, more or less pubescent but becoming mostly glabrous at least above: terminal buds medium to large size, more or less glutinous but scarcely balsamic: trees, mostly of good size.
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References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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