List of psychoactive plants
This is a list of plants (flora) which contain psychoactive drugs. Psychoactive plants have been used traditionally for thousands of years by human cultures all around the world and many play a significant role in society. This list covers plants which are potentially psychoactive, while the list of entheogens covers plants which are known to be traditionally used as entheogens or psychoactives.
Psychoactive Flora by Family
Acanthaceae
- Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. The plant has unknown compounds, that reportedly cause "visions of eyeballs." It is also useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
- Justicia pectoralis[1]
Acoraceae
Aizoaceae
- Delosperma acuminatum- DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma cooperi - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma ecklonis - DMT[2]
- Delosperma esterhuyseniae - DMT[2]
- Delosperma hallii - 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma harazianum - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma harazianum - Shibam, DMT[2]
- Delosperma hirtum - DMT[2]
- Delosperma hallii aff. litorale
- Delosperma lydenbergense - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma nubigenum - 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma pageanum - DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[2]
- Delosperma pergamentaceum - Traces of DMT[2]
- Delosperma tradescantioides - DMT[2]
Sceletium tortuosum or "Kanna" has been used by South African pastoralists and hunter-gatherers as a mood-altering substance from prehistoric times.
Apocynaceae
- Tabernanthe iboga - Ibogaine in root bark[3]
- Trachelospermum jasminoides - Ibogaine[4]
- Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."[5]
- Prestonia amazonica: DMT[6]
- Vinca minor
Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca. According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
- Ilex paraguariensis which is also known as "Yerba Mate"...
- Ilex vomitoria or "Yaupon Holly" is ...
and some other hollies are used as tea substitute stimulants!
Asteraceae(Compositae)
- Artemisia vulgaris - Thujone
- Calea zacatechichi - Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent.
- Lactuca virosa - Lactucarium
- Tagetes lucida - Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin
- Calea zacatechichi cutting.jpg
Cactaceae
Species | Alkaloid Content (Fresh) | Alkaloid Content (Dried) |
Echinopsis lageniformis(syn. Trichocereus bridgesii) | Mescaline > 0.025%,[7] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1% | 2%[8] |
Echinopsis pachanoi(syn. Trichocereus pachanoi) | Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[9] | Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[9] |
Echinopsis spachiana(syn. Trichocereus spachianus) | Mescaline[10] | Mescaline[10] |
Lophophora williamsii(Peyote) | 0.4% Mescaline[11] | 3-6% Mescaline[10] |
Opuntia acanthocarpa | Mescaline[10] | |
Opuntia basilaris | Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5 -dimethoxyphenethylamine[10] |
|
Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica(syn. Opuntia cylindrica)[12] | Mescaline[10] | |
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa(syn. Opuntia echinocarpa) | Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[10] | |
Cylindropuntia spinosior(syn. Opuntia spinosior)[13] | Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[10] | |
Echinopsis macrogona(syn. Trichocereus macrogonus) | > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[14] | |
Echinopsis peruviana(syn. Trichocereus peruvianus) | Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[9] | Mescaline |
Echinopsis tacaquirensissubsp. taquimbalensis(syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis)[15] | > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[14] | |
Echinopsis terscheckii(syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[16] | > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[14] | Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[9] |
Echinopsis valida | 0.025% Mescaline[11] | |
Pelecyphora aselliformis | Mescaline[11] |
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa)
Cannabaceae
- Main article: Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a disassociative drug. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating the sale and use of medical cannabis to treat pain, insomnia, and stimulate appetite.
Humulus lupulus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus
Humulus japonicus- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_hops
Caryophylloideae
|
| Silene capensis |Produces vivid dreams after ingesting.
Celastraceae
|
| 150px Catha edulis | Khat
Convolvulaceae
Seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[18] |
|
| Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) |Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea.
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[19] | |
Active principles in leaf[20] | |
ß-methyl-phenethylamine[21], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[22] | |
Tryptamine alkaloids.[23] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[24] | |
5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[25] | |
0.02% tryptamine and ß-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[20][26][27] | |
Psychoactive[28] Ash used in Pituri.[29] | |
DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[30] | |
DMT[2] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark | |
Psychoactive[31] | |
DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark | |
DMT[32] | |
0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[33][34][35] | |
DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[20] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[36] | |
Psychoactive,[31] Tryptamines[37] | |
Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[20] and seeds.[24] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[24] | |
Psychoactive[28] | |
Psychoactive,[31] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[27] | |
Psychoactive[28] | |
Psychoactive,[28] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[27] | |
Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[38] in fruit. ß-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[39] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[40] Alkaloids are present in the bark[41] and leaves.[42] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[37] | |
Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[43] in flowers[24] other tryptamines,[44] | |
Psychoactive,[31] plus deadly toxins | |
Psychoactive[31] | |
Psychoactive[45] | |
DMT, NMT | |
Psychoactive | |
DMT, in the leaf[20] | |
0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[43] 0.2% DMT in plant.[46] Histamine alkaloids.[27] | |
Tryptamine in leaves, bark[24] | |
Tryptamine[24] | |
0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[20] | |
Psychoactive[31] | |
DMT, in the bark and leaf,[47] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[27] | |
DMT, in the leaf[20] | |
DMT, in the leaf[20] | |
Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf | |
Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[45] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.[48] | |
Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[26][49] NMT | |
Psychoactive[28] | |
0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[20] | |
Tryptamine in the leaf,[20] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts[43] | |
DMT in leaf[20] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark | |
Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[50] | |
DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[51] | |
Psychoactive[31] | |
ß-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[52] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[37] | |
Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[20] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[39] DMT in bark.[24] | |
DMT, in the leaf.[20] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[40] | |
DMT, in the leaf[20] | |
DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[20][53] | |
DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[45] | |
Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[20] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[27] | |
Tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[24] |
- Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.[31]
| |
Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[56] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[57] | |
| |
Bufotenine is in the seeds.[59] | |
0% - 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[60] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[61] | |
0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[60] | |
Roots: 0.087% DMT,[63] Bufotenine-N-oxide 0.03% | |
DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, whole plant, roots, stems, leaves[64] | |
Bufotentine, DMT[65] | |
DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[64] | |
5-MEO-DMT[64] | |
0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[63] less in stems[63] and trace in leaves.[63] | |
DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[66] | |
DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[64] | |
Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[67] | |
Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[68] | |
Trytamines and MMT | |
0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[69] | |
DMT[70] in root bark | |
"The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[71] | |
0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[66] | |
DMT in leaves and stems[64] | |
0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[66] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[64] |
Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin[72]
|
| Zornia latifolia | Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute. |-
Caesalpinioideae subfamily of Fabacaeae
- Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[73]
- Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%[74]
Fumariaceae
|
| Corydalis solida, Corydalis cava | Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine
Lamiaceae
|
| Lagochilus inebrians | Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant.
|
| Leonotis leonurus |Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana)
|
Salvia divinorum
| Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[75]
|-
Lauraceae
Lythraceae
- Heimia salicifolia, auditory[76]
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia virginianaThe leaves or bark have been placed in cupped hands over the nose and inhaled as a mild hallucinogen
Malpighiaceae
- Banisteriopsis caapi: Ayahuasca
- Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT[77]
Myristicaceae
- Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT[66] and beta-carbolines[73]
- Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[66]
- Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[64]
- Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark[64]
Virola genus
Virola calophylla | Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT[64] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[78] |
Virola callophylloidea | DMT |
Virola carinata | DMT in leaves[64] |
Virola cuspidata | DMT[74] |
Virola divergens | DMT in leaves[64] |
DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers[64] | |
Virola melinonii | DMT in bark[64] |
Virola multinervia | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and roots[64] |
Virola pavonis | DMT in leaves[64] |
Virola peruviana | 5-MEO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark[64] |
Virola rufula | Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT[79] 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark,[64] 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.[64] |
Virola sebifera | The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[80] |
Virola surinamensis | DMT[74] in bark[64] |
Virola venosa | DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves[64] DMT |
Nitrariaceae
Nymphaeaceae
| Nymphaea caerulea |Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.[citation needed]
These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.
Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.[citation needed]
Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.
|Ochnaceae
- Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,[66] DMT in bark and root bark[64], NMT
Ochnaceae
Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts[66]
Papaveraceae
The most famous member of this family is the Opium poppy.
|| Argemone mexicana | Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute.
Passifloraceae
Piperaceae
|| Piper methysticum | Kavalactones
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.[83]
Species | |
None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[85]
Polygonaceae
Punicaceae
- Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex;"[74] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.[87]
Rubiaceae
Mitragyna speciosa also known as "Kratom" is a plant which leaf is used for it's opiod effect.150px
Rutaceae
Turneraceae
|
Urticaceae
- Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin[74]
See also
- Aztec entheogenic complex
- Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
- List of Entheogens
- List of poisonous plants
- List of plants containing beta-carbolines
- List of plants used for smoking
- Louisiana State Act 159
- Psilocybin mushrooms
- Psychoactive animals
References
- ↑ Ayahuasca Analogues
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Trouts Notes on Sacred Cacti Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "sacred" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Tihkal
- ↑ Trachelospermum jasminoides (www.giftpflanzen.com)
- ↑ Catharanthus roseus
- ↑ Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs
- ↑ http://www.thenook.org/archives/tek/alklist.htm
- ↑ Trichocereus
- ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Forbidden Fruit Archives
- ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Visionary Cactus Guide Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "mesc" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 11.2 Erowid Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "guide" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (http://www.desert-tropicals.com)
- ↑ Cylindropuntia spinosior (www.desert-tropicals.com)
- ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 14.2 Partial List of Alkaloids in Trichocereus Cacti
- ↑ Echinopsis tacaquirensis ssp. taquimbalensis
- ↑ www.desert-tropicals.com
- ↑ "Trichterwinde (Ipomoea violacea) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
- ↑ "Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
- ↑ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia acuminata". leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ Jump up to: 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 Shaman Australis
- ↑ Glasby, John Stephen (1991). Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 0850664233. http://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&ots=e5Swnj0FN9&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=ph1WfGlPnw5YMc3SReh2P5li2ls.
- ↑ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
- ↑ Maya Ethnobotanicals
- ↑ Jump up to: 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 Acacia (Polish)
- ↑ Lycaeum
- ↑ Jump up to: 26.0 26.1 www.serendipity.com
- ↑ Jump up to: 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer
- ↑ Jump up to: 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 www.bushfood.net
- ↑ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America
- ↑ Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine
- ↑ Jump up to: 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at [1] Template:Languageicon
- ↑ www.abc.net.au
- ↑ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies
- ↑ Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens
- ↑ Lycaeum
- ↑ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- ↑ Jump up to: 37.0 37.1 37.2 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
- ↑ Lycaeum
- ↑ Jump up to: 39.0 39.1 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
- ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06
- ↑ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
- ↑ Purdue University
- ↑ Jump up to: 43.0 43.1 43.2 Hegnauer, Robert (1994). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer. p. 500. ISBN 3764329793. http://books.google.com/books?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+der+pflanzen&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=kkne5dmPiX&sig=iprrFOkR3ClREUcAyMORs0lGjdY#PPA290,M1.
- ↑ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia floribunda". leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ Jump up to: 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish) Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "magis" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia longifolia". leda.lycaeum.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ extentech.sheetster.com
- ↑ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
- ↑ Plants Containing DMT (German)
- ↑ "Acacia campylacantha - Hortipedia". www.hortipedia.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ "Acacia rigidula - Magiska Molekylers Wiki". wiki.magiskamolekyler.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
- ↑ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)
- ↑ Jump up to: 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 UNO
- ↑ Jump up to: 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 55.7 55.8 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "drduke" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Herbotechnica (Spanish)
- ↑ "Bufo alvarius - Jonathan Ott on Bufotenine". www.erowid.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ↑ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
- ↑ PubMed
- ↑ Jump up to: 60.0 60.1 Desmanthus (Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants & analogs)
- ↑ Google Book Search. books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=%22Mimosa+somnians%22&source=web&ots=5KzgBm6X_5&sig=Rh_GpZxz_cB0AX73SDgeIpkvl84&hl=en#PPA199,M1. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ↑ "Desmodium caudatum information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
- ↑ Jump up to: 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Trout's Notes on Desmodium
- ↑ Jump up to: 64.00 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.04 64.05 64.06 64.07 64.08 64.09 64.10 64.11 64.12 64.13 64.14 64.15 64.16 64.17 64.18 64.19 64.20 64.21 64.22 64.23 64.24 64.25 64.26 64.27 64.28 64.29 64.30 64.31 64.32 64.33 "Ayahuasca Analogues". www.serendipity.li. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical-Neutraceutical Bulletin, Final
- ↑ Jump up to: 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 66.6 66.7 66.8 Erowid Tryptamine FAQ
- ↑ "Isolation and Identification of Putative Hallucinogenic Constituents from the Roots of Mimosa ophthalmocentra - Pharmaceutical Biology". www.informaworld.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
- ↑ Google Book Search. books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=%22Mimosa+somnians%22&source=web&ots=5KzgBm6X_5&sig=Rh_GpZxz_cB0AX73SDgeIpkvl84&hl=en#PPA208,M1. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
- ↑ Ask Erowid ID 75
- ↑ "UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1969".
- ↑ Erowid entry(2002)
- ↑ "Kalifornischer Korallenstrauch (Erythrina decora) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
- ↑ Jump up to: 73.0 73.1 73.2 Bluezoo Tryptamines
- ↑ Jump up to: 74.00 74.01 74.02 74.03 74.04 74.05 74.06 74.07 74.08 74.09 74.10 74.11 Plants Containing DMT Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "dmt-nexus" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Clones of Salvia divinorum
- ↑ Sinicuichi FAQ
- ↑ DMT Plants List
- ↑ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-04-11.
- ↑ Jump up to: 79.0 79.1 www.tryptamines.com
- ↑ COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS VIROLA SEBIFERA SUMMARY REPORT
- ↑ www.amazing-nature.com
- ↑ www.drugs.com
- ↑ Toxicants of Plant Origin - Google Book Search. books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&id=eASgQyXq8xMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA169&dq=%22mimosa+hostilis%22+dimethyltryptamine&ots=pe6oz-oODM&sig=D6kaAQYmEqSOkJ4kkztPcm2K10I#PPA171,M1. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ↑ Erowid Arundo Donax Info Page 1
- ↑ Jump up to: 85.0 85.1 85.2 Lycaeum
- ↑ Jump up to: 86.0 86.1 86.2 Erowid Phalaris FAQ
- ↑ Pomegranate (Herbdata New Zealand)
- ↑ Amazing Nature
External links
- The Salvia Divinorum Blog Research And Information
- The Salvia Divinorum Mass Distribution Project
- Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
- "Herbal Highs - Legal Buds Reviews" Components of street drug alternatives sold and used legally.
- Erowid Tryptamine FAQ -- More Plants Containing Tryptamines
- John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
- Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
- Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
- Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
- Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
- Virola -- Dried Herbarium Specimens
- Virola Species Pictures -- USGS
- Desmanthus illinoensis -- USDA
- A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
- Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)
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- Poisonous plants
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